To promote sustainable economic growth, Tanzania is increasingly leveraging Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to improve financial efficiency and boost investment in key sectors. Over the 2021/22 to 2024/25 fiscal years, Tanzania allocated a total of 54.575 trillion TZS to its development budget, with 33.794 trillion TZS sourced domestically. By implementing PPPs under an 80-20 cost-sharing model, the government aims to reduce its financial burden, enhance service delivery, create jobs, and increase revenue through private sector collaboration. This article explores the impact and strategic approach of PPPs in Tanzania’s economic development.

1. Development Budget Allocation and Funding Trends

Across four fiscal years, Tanzania’s development budget reveals a structured approach to funding large-scale infrastructure, energy, social services, and economic development projects. The allocation data highlights the prioritization of domestic financing over external funds, underscoring a commitment to fiscal responsibility and self-reliance.

This budget structure, with over 60% sourced domestically, signals Tanzania’s shift towards utilizing internal revenue for growth, allowing foreign financing to focus on specific, large-scale projects.

2. Key Recurring Projects and Economic Impact

Tanzania’s development agenda targets large-scale projects in infrastructure, energy, social services, and economic development to achieve comprehensive growth.

• Infrastructure Projects: Major projects, such as the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) and the Kigongo-Busisi Bridge, will enhance connectivity within East Africa and reduce trade costs. With a total expected investment of 5 trillion TZS in infrastructure, these projects will elevate Tanzania as a regional logistics hub.
• Energy Projects: The Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project (2,115 MW) and rural electrification initiatives will improve energy security and support industrial growth, contributing over 1 trillion TZS annually to the economy.
• Social Services: Education and healthcare investments, including infrastructure expansion and student loans, aim to improve Tanzanian human capital, essential for economic resilience.
• Economic Development: Investments in agriculture, industrial development, and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are expected to create jobs and attract foreign investment, boosting economic diversification.

3. Financing Strategies for Development

To finance these ambitious projects, Tanzania adopts a diversified approach, with the following methods:

• Domestic Revenue: Emphasis on internal revenue collection to fund projects, which minimizes reliance on external debt.
• Concessional Loans and Grants: Collaborations with international donors and development banks support specific projects.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): By mobilizing private sector investment in critical sectors, PPPs significantly reduce the government’s financial burden and improve efficiency.

4. Economic Benefits of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)

PPPs offer a unique model for maximizing resource utilization while minimizing financial risks to the government. The 80-20 cost-sharing model illustrates substantial economic benefits:

a) Cost Savings

Through PPPs, project costs are shared, reducing government expenditure. For instance:

• On a 500 billion TZS infrastructure project, the government only contributes 100 billion TZS, with the private sector covering 400 billion TZS.
• This model also introduces efficiencies that can lower project costs by 20%, saving an additional 20 billion TZS.

b) Increased Investment and Economic Output

By leveraging PPPs, Tanzania’s 54.575 trillion TZS development budget could attract an estimated 43.66 trillion TZS from the private sector, enabling increased investments in other critical areas.

c) Risk Mitigation

With an 80% private sector contribution, the government’s risk exposure is substantially reduced. For example, in a 200 billion TZS project, a cost overrun of 30 billion TZS would mean the government only covers 6 billion TZS, transferring the remaining 24 billion TZS risk to private investors.

d) Enhanced Revenue Sharing

Infrastructure projects like the Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project can enhance revenue through efficient PPP implementation. With a 2,115 MW capacity, an estimated revenue of 10 million TZS per MW annually could see a 15% efficiency increase under PPPs, yielding an additional 31.725 billion TZS in revenue.

e) Job Creation and Economic Stimulation

PPPs can create approximately 10,000 jobs, injecting 10 billion TZS into the economy annually. This job creation benefits local economies and provides citizens with employment opportunities, improving livelihoods and increasing domestic consumption.

f) Long-term Economic Growth

By facilitating infrastructure development, PPPs can increase trade efficiency by 5%, which translates to a 1 trillion TZS boost in annual economic output. This growth benefits both the government and private sector through improved services and a broader tax base.

5. Strategic Advantages of PPPs for Tanzania’s Development Goals

• Reduced Capital Outlay: The government’s 20% contribution allows for optimal allocation of public funds, supporting other essential services.
• Enhanced Service Delivery: PPPs bring private sector expertise, accelerating project timelines and improving quality.
• Long-term Sustainability: By integrating private sector investment, Tanzania ensures the longevity and adaptability of its infrastructure and energy assets.
• Competitive Regional Positioning: Improved infrastructure and energy resources strengthen Tanzania’s position as a leading trade and logistics hub in East Africa.

The strategic implementation of Public-Private Partnerships in Tanzania is driving sustainable economic growth, enhancing service delivery, and creating employment opportunities. By balancing risk, leveraging private investment, and focusing on key sectors, Tanzania is building a resilient economy that benefits both the public and private sectors. Through continued collaboration, PPPs will play a crucial role in realizing Tanzania’s long-term development goals.

Rising Lending Rates, Strengthened Reserves, and Targeted Credit Growth

The East African Community (EAC) is experiencing notable shifts in monetary and financial trends, with lending rates rising across several member states, a robust 8.9% growth in money supply, and increased credit allocation to key sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing. These trends reflect the region’s efforts to balance inflation control, liquidity expansion, and economic development.

1. Treasury Bill Rates:
   • Tanzania saw a decline in its 91-day Treasury bill rate from 9.1% in Q4 2023 to 8.2% in Q1 2024, while Kenya's rate rose from 15.7% to 16.7% in the same period.
   • Rwanda's rate slightly declined by 1%, while Burundi experienced an increase from 5.6% to 6.2%​.
2. Lending Rates:
   • In Q1 2024, lending rates across the EAC were high, with Uganda and Rwanda recording rates of 17.3% and 16.6%, respectively, while Kenya saw the highest increase, up 11.3% from the previous quarter​.
3. Deposit Rates:
   • Kenya's deposit rates increased from 10.1% to 10.5%, while South Sudan and Uganda saw decreases by 6% and 5%, respectively​.
4. Broad Money Supply (M3):
   • Broad money (M3) grew by 8.9% year-over-year, reaching USD 78 billion in Q1 2024. This growth was largely supported by a 17.2% increase in foreign currency deposits, highlighting stronger dollar reserves across the region​.
5. Credit to the Private Sector:
   • Credit to the private sector in the EAC region grew by 8.8% from the previous quarter, with substantial allocations to sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and construction, which saw increases of 28% and 8%, respectively​.

The monetary and financial statistics for the EAC with key insights into the region's economic and financial health:

1. Rising Lending Rates and Borrowing Costs:
   • The increase in lending rates across several EAC countries, particularly in Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda, reflects tightening monetary conditions. This trend may be aimed at controlling inflation, but it also indicates higher borrowing costs for businesses and consumers, which could impact investment and spending.
2. Broad Money Supply and Reserve Strengthening:
   • The significant growth in broad money supply (M3) by 8.9% signals an increase in overall liquidity within the EAC economies. A notable rise in foreign currency deposits reflects strengthening reserves, likely contributing to greater currency stability and resilience against external financial shocks.
3. Selective Growth in Deposit Rates:
   • The varying changes in deposit rates, with some countries like Kenya experiencing increases while others see decreases, suggest divergent monetary policy strategies within the EAC. Countries facing higher inflation or currency pressures may be offering better rates to attract savings, while others may prioritize economic activity over savings.
4. Credit Growth to Productive Sectors:
   • The notable increase in credit to sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and construction underscores the EAC’s focus on supporting essential economic sectors. This shift not only helps stimulate economic growth but also aligns with development goals aimed at boosting productivity, food security, and infrastructure.

The mobile money sector in Tanzania has experienced strong and continuous growth, with total transactions rising by 9% from 285.5 million in June 2024 to 310.9 million in September 2024. Major providers, including M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money, each recorded over 80 million transactions in September. Smaller players like Azam Pesa also saw significant growth, with transactions increasing from 1.8 million to 5.05 million. This growth reflects the increasing reliance on mobile money for day-to-day transactions and highlights the critical role of mobile financial services in enhancing financial inclusion across the country.

1. Number of Mobile Money Transactions:

• The total number of mobile money transactions grew significantly, with 310.9 million transactions recorded in September 2024, compared to 285.5 million in June 2024. This represents a 9% increase in the number of transactions over the three-month period.
• Breakdown of monthly transactions during the quarter:
  • July 2024: 282.9 million transactions
  • August 2024: 310.9 million transactions​.

2. Transaction Breakdown by Mobile Money Providers (September 2024):

• M-Pesa: 89.68 million transactions (up from 86.97 million in June 2024).
• Tigo Pesa: 87.92 million transactions (up from 86.97 million in June 2024).
• Airtel Money: 92.67 million transactions (up from 89.25 million in June 2024).
• Halo Pesa: 35.04 million transactions (up from 33.19 million in June 2024).
• Azam Pesa: 5.05 million transactions (up from 1.80 million in June 2024).
• T-Pesa: 0.50 million transactions​.

3. Historical Growth of Mobile Money Transactions:

• Over the past five years, mobile money transactions have increased from 3.02 billion in 2019 to 5.27 billion by 2023, showing a 19% annual growth rate.
• Despite the growth in total transactions, the average number of transactions per user has slightly decreased from 117 transactions per user in 2019 to 100 transactions per user in 2023​.

Summary:

• Mobile money transactions grew by 9% in the quarter ending September 2024, with a total of 310.9 million transactions in September alone.
• M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money remain the largest players in the market, with each recording over 80 million transactions in September 2024.
• Over the years, the volume of mobile money transactions has expanded significantly, showing the increasing reliance on mobile money services for financial transactions in Tanzania.

Numbers on mobile money transactions with key insights into the growth and usage of mobile financial services in Tanzania

The strong and continuous growth in the mobile money sector, with more people relying on mobile money for financial transactions. M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money dominate the space, but smaller players are also showing growth. The increasing number of transactions highlights the role of mobile money in enhancing financial inclusion and providing a convenient alternative to traditional banking. It shows that mobile money is a critical tool for economic empowerment and everyday financial management in Tanzania.

1. Steady Growth in Transaction Volumes:

• The 9% increase in mobile money transactions, rising from 285.5 million to 310.9 million in just three months, indicates that more people and businesses are increasingly using mobile money services for their financial activities. This growth reflects the importance of mobile money in day-to-day transactions, such as payments, transfers, and purchases.

2. Dominance of Major Players:

• M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money dominate the market, each recording over 80 million transactions in September 2024. Their combined market presence shows that Tanzanians trust these platforms for their financial needs, indicating strong brand recognition, reliability, and widespread service availability.
• The significant increase in transactions for smaller players like Azam Pesa (from 1.8 million to 5.05 million) shows that there is room for growth among newer or smaller mobile money providers, though the big three dominate most of the market.

3. Growing Financial Inclusion:

• The rise in transaction numbers suggests that more people are being included in the formal financial system through mobile money. This is particularly important in Tanzania, where access to traditional banking services can be limited, especially in rural areas. Mobile money bridges that gap, providing financial services to underserved populations.

4. Shift in Financial Behavior:

• The sustained growth in transaction volumes highlights a shift in financial behavior in Tanzania, where mobile money has become a primary method of transferring funds and conducting transactions. The convenience, accessibility, and speed of mobile money are contributing to its increasing popularity.

5. Historical Growth Indicates Long-Term Trend:

• The historical growth in mobile money transactions, from 3.02 billion in 2019 to 5.27 billion in 2023, shows that mobile money is not a temporary trend but a long-term shift in how financial transactions are conducted in Tanzania. This steady annual growth of 19% points to mobile money becoming increasingly central to the Tanzanian economy.

Source: Takwimu za Mawasiliano Robo ya mwaka inayoishia Septemba 2024

In Tanzania, mobile money services have experienced significant growth, with the number of mobile money accounts rising by 9% from 55.7 million in June 2024 to 60.8 million in September 2024. This translates to an average monthly increase of 2.3%. The volume of mobile money transactions also saw a 9% rise, from 285.5 million in June 2024 to 310.9 million in September 2024. Dominated by M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money, these three providers account for nearly 90% of the market share. This growth highlights the increasing reliance on mobile platforms for financial transactions and the strong competition driving innovations in Tanzania’s digital financial landscape.

1. Number of Mobile Money Accounts:

• The total number of mobile money accounts increased from 55.7 million (June 2024) to 60.8 million (September 2024), marking an impressive growth of 9%.
• This growth translates to a monthly average increase of 2.3% in mobile money accounts during the quarter ending September 2024.

Breakdown by Mobile Money Providers:

• M-Pesa: 22.45 million accounts in September 2024 (an increase from 21.81 million in June 2024).
• Tigo Pesa: 19.49 million accounts in September 2024 (up from 18.51 million in June 2024).
• Airtel Money: 11.43 million accounts in September 2024 (up from 11.32 million in June 2024).
• Halo Pesa: 5.09 million accounts in September 2024 (up from 4.91 million in June 2024).
• Azam Pesa: 0.89 million accounts in September 2024 (up from 0.83 million in June 2024).
• T-Pesa: 1.45 million accounts in September 2024 (up from 1.44 million in June 2024).

This data shows that M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money dominate the mobile money market, together accounting for 89% of the total mobile money accounts in the country​.

2. Idadi ya Miamala ya Pesa Mtandao (Number of Mobile Money Transactions):

• The total number of mobile money transactions also experienced a rise, with 310.9 million transactions in September 2024 compared to 285.5 million in June 2024, representing a 9% increase.
• Monthly breakdown of transactions during the quarter ending September 2024:
  • July 2024: 282.9 million transactions
  • August 2024: 310.9 million transactions​

Breakdown by Mobile Money Providers:

• M-Pesa: 89.68 million transactions in September 2024 (an increase from 86.97 million in June 2024).
• Tigo Pesa: 87.92 million transactions in September 2024 (up from 86.97 million in June 2024).
• Airtel Money: 92.67 million transactions in September 2024 (up from 89.25 million in June 2024).
• Halo Pesa: 35.04 million transactions in September 2024 (up from 33.19 million in June 2024).
• Azam Pesa: 5.05 million transactions in September 2024 (up from 1.80 million in June 2024).
• T-Pesa: 0.50 million transactions in September 2024​.

3. Historical Growth in Mobile Money Transactions:

• Over the past five years, the mobile money market has shown significant growth in transactions. The number of transactions increased from 3.02 billion in 2019 to 5.27 billion by 2023, representing an annual growth rate of 19%​.
• The average number of transactions per user, however, declined slightly from 117 transactions per user in 2019 to 100 transactions per user in 2023​.

4. Market Share:

• M-Pesa continues to dominate the mobile money market with a 36.9% market share, followed by Tigo Pesa with 32.1%, and Airtel Money with 18.8%​.
• Other providers, like Halo Pesa, Azam Pesa, and T-Pesa, make up the remaining 11%, indicating a highly competitive landscape but with clear leaders​.

Summary:

• Strong Growth: The mobile money market in Tanzania is growing rapidly, with both the number of accounts and transactions rising by 9% between June and September 2024.
• Market Dominance: M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money dominate the market, controlling nearly 90% of the market share.
• Historical Growth: Over the last five years, the number of mobile money transactions has almost doubled, reflecting the increasing use of digital financial services across Tanzania.

Mobile money services with insights about the digital financial landscape in Tanzania:

Mobile money has become central to financial inclusion efforts, providing accessible financial services to millions who might otherwise be unbanked. The strong competition among key providers ensures that consumers continue to benefit from innovative, efficient, and increasingly affordable services. Mobile money is driving not just digital finance but also broader economic growth, especially as more people and businesses engage in digital transactions.

1. Rapid Adoption and Growth:

• The growth in the number of mobile money accounts from 55.7 million to 60.8 million (a 9% increase) in just three months shows the widespread adoption of mobile financial services. This indicates that Tanzanians are increasingly turning to mobile platforms for everyday financial activities like transfers, bill payments, and savings.

2. Mobile Money as a Key Financial Service:

• With 310.9 million mobile money transactions in September 2024 alone, mobile money has become an essential part of the financial system in Tanzania. This volume of transactions indicates that mobile money is a primary method for many people to conduct financial transactions, both in urban and rural areas.

3. Dominance of Major Providers:

• M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money dominate the market, holding nearly 90% of the total market share. This indicates a high level of competition among these major players, which likely benefits consumers by offering competitive rates, better services, and innovative products. The dominance of these three providers also suggests that they have built a strong trust and user base over time.

4. Growing Inclusivity in Financial Services:

• The increase in mobile money accounts and transactions shows that digital financial services are playing a key role in financial inclusion. Individuals who may not have access to traditional banking services can easily access mobile money services, allowing them to participate in the economy and handle their finances more efficiently.

5. Competition Among Providers:

• M-Pesa remains the largest provider with a 36.9% market share, but Tigo Pesa (32.1%) and Airtel Money (18.8%) are also significant players, meaning no single company monopolizes the market. This competition ensures that providers are likely to continue improving their services, offering better pricing and convenience to users to maintain or increase their market share.

6. Increasing Transaction Volumes:

• The steady increase in the number of transactions, growing from 285.5 million in June 2024 to 310.9 million in September 2024, highlights that users are not only signing up for mobile money services but also actively using them. This rise shows a deeper integration of mobile money into everyday life, from sending money to family and friends to making business payments.

7. Digital Finance as an Economic Driver:

• Mobile money has become a major driver of the Tanzanian economy. The rise in transactions and accounts suggests that businesses, individuals, and government entities are increasingly relying on mobile money to facilitate commerce, pay salaries, and provide financial services in both urban and rural areas.

Source: Takwimu za Mawasiliano Robo ya mwaka inayoishia Septemba 2024

From Liberation to Economic Ascendancy in a Multipolar World

TICGL’s Economic Research Centre has published a groundbreaking paper authored by Dr. Bravious Felix Kahyoza PhD, FMVA, CP3 (braviouskahyoza5@gmail.com), which explores the evolution of Tanzania’s foreign policy from idealistic liberation diplomacy under Julius Nyerere to pragmatic economic diplomacy under President Samia Suluhu Hassan. The paper artfully weaves together the Keatsian duality of “truth” (principled values) and “beauty” (economic prosperity) to illustrate how Tanzania navigates the complexities of 21st-century global politics.

Dr. Bravious Felix Kahyoza, a certified professional in Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA) and Certified PPP Professional (CP3P), brings a unique interdisciplinary perspective that bridges economic strategy, governance, and international relations, reinforcing TICGL’s commitment to insightful, evidence-based policy research.

With over 60 years of independence, Tanzania has transformed from the "Mecca of African Liberation"—hosting anti-colonial movements like the ANC, ZANU, and SWAPO—into a regional economic powerhouse and diplomatic mediator. The paper argues that Tanzania's foreign policy represents a unique model of "smart power"—combining moral authority with strategic economic engagement—positioning the nation as a prototype for African agency in a multipolar world.

Key Findings and Insights

• From liberation to prosperity: Tanzania's foreign policy has successfully transitioned from Nyerere's anti-colonial solidarity (1961-1985) to Mkapa's economic diplomacy framework (2001) and Hassan's booming economic diplomacy (2021-present), maintaining core principles while adapting to global economic realities.
• Remarkable economic transformation: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has surged from near-zero in 1961 to USD 28 billion since 2001, with annual FDI growing by 15% post-2001 and reaching USD 1.2 billion in 2024—a 25% increase under President Hassan's leadership.
• GDP growth trajectory: Tanzania maintained 7% average GDP growth during Mkapa's economic diplomacy era (1995-2005) and achieved 6.8% growth in 2023, positioning the country on track for a projected 30-fold GDP increase by 2081 if current policies continue.
• Infrastructure diplomacy success: Strategic projects like the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) connecting Mombasa to Kampala and Kigali have reduced freight costs by 40% (from USD 120 to USD 60 per ton), increased intra-EAC freight by 30%, and generated USD 1.5 billion annually in port revenues.
• Regional hegemony through cooperation: Tanzania hosts the East African Community (EAC) headquarters in Arusha, mediates regional conflicts (including the 2015 Burundi crisis and 2018 South Sudan peace accord), and contributes over 50,000 peacekeeping troops since 2000.
• The 4Rs Philosophy in action: President Hassan's framework of Reconciliation, Resilience, Reforms, and Rebuilding has reduced political tensions by 30%, simplified business registration from 12 to 3 days, trained 50,000 youth in digital skills, and secured USD 1 billion in health diplomacy for COVAX doses.
• "Samia-nomics" paradigm: Applying Smithian principles of peace, simple taxation, and transparent justice, Hassan's economic reforms have increased tax compliance by 15%, cleared 80% of commercial cases within 6 months, and attracted USD 3.5 billion in port upgrades.
• New Climate Economy (NCE) integration: The 2024 Foreign Policy Review targets 30% renewable energy by 2030 and 60% by 2035, securing USD 500 million in carbon credits from mangrove restoration and EUR 1 billion in EU Global Gateway investments for green infrastructure.

Policy Evolution and Strategic Shifts

Tanzania's foreign policy has undergone three distinct phases, each responding to changing global dynamics while maintaining core principles:

Phase 1: Liberation Diplomacy (1961-1990s)

• Nyerere's 1967 Arusha Declaration established self-reliance (Ujamaa) and non-alignment as foundational principles
• Hosted liberation movements, earning Dar es Salaam the title "Mecca of African Liberation"
• Co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement and mediated the 1979 Rhodesia Lancaster House talks
• Economic cost: Liberation support consumed 20% of GDP by 1980, hosting 100,000 refugees

Phase 2: Economic Diplomacy Transition (2001-2020)

• Mkapa's 2001 New Foreign Policy prioritized economic objectives while maintaining sovereignty principles
• Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) drove 150% export growth by 2005
• Revival of the East African Community stimulated USD 4 billion in intra-bloc trade by 2005
• Achieved 200+ bilateral agreements and met the USD 5 billion annual investment target by 2010

Phase 3: Booming Economic Diplomacy (2021-Present)

• Hassan's multilateral approach balances China's USD 2 billion SGR extensions, EU's EUR 1 billion Global Gateway, and US AGOA renewals (USD 500 million in apparel exports)
• 2024 Foreign Policy Review incorporates digital public infrastructure (DPIs), diaspora engagement (USD 600 million remittances in 2023), and climate resilience
• Established 50 new missions targeting 20% FDI growth through strategic geographic positioning

Key structural achievements include:

• Trade facilitation: EAC Customs Union benefits worth USD 2.5 billion annually in cross-border commerce
• Peacekeeping excellence: Deployed 1,000 troops to Mozambique's Cabo Delgado against insurgency, stabilizing regional trade routes
• Digital transformation: E-visa systems processed 2 million tourists in 2024, while e-Government portals facilitated 5 million services annually

Strategic Recommendations for 21st-Century Diplomacy

To navigate the complexities of a multipolar world and realize the vision of 30-fold GDP growth by 2081, the paper proposes a comprehensive diplomatic modernization agenda:

1. Develop Systemic Global Perspectives:

• Train diplomats in interdisciplinary frameworks covering history, culture, economics, and geopolitics through enhanced National Defence College curricula
• Incorporate understanding of pre-colonial cosmopolitanism (Swahili Coast trade networks) to inform modern Indian Ocean partnerships
• Master BRICS forum dynamics and AU negotiation protocols to amplify Tanzania's voice in multilateral settings

2. Embrace New Epistemological Approaches:

• Deploy digital monitoring tools to combat disinformation on social media platforms, particularly around election integrity and vaccine hesitancy
• Apply historical sociology frameworks to understand power relationships beyond traditional metrics
• Link cross-cutting issues (e.g., land reform with EAC migration pacts) to become trendsetters rather than crisis responders

3. Combat Outdated Ethnographic Knowledge:

• Establish continuous cultural intelligence systems tracking evolving urban dynamics (Dar es Salaam's informal economies) and youth culture fusion (Afrobeat-K-Pop hybrids)
• Leverage 5 million diaspora members through virtual town halls to capture remittances and cultural shifts as soft power assets
• Conduct participant observation in AU youth forums to predict regional movements (feminist insurgency in Sudan, eco-activism in Kenya)

4. Master Global Economic Intricacies:

• Navigate supply chain disruptions and green economy transitions while avoiding IMF debt traps and balancing China's green Belt and Road with WTO subsidy negotiations
• Deploy economic literacy to tap the USD 3.4 trillion AfCFTA market through AU bargaining blocs
• Achieve 60% renewable energy by 2035 while managing USD 2 billion in solar investments

5. Implement Performance-Based Budgeting:

• Execute the 10-year implementation plan (2025-2035) with biennial reviews addressing AI geopolitics and pandemic preparedness
• Allocate 2% of GDP to capacity-building diplomacy by 2030, supporting youth-led think tanks
• Conduct annual KPI audits on trade volume growth, conflict response times, and project utilization (targeting 90% completion rates)

Conclusion

Tanzania's diplomatic journey embodies the Keatsian synthesis of "truth and beauty"—where unwavering principles of sovereignty, non-alignment, and African unity ("truth") harmonize with pragmatic pursuits of economic growth, regional integration, and sustainable development ("beauty"). This model represents a revolutionary approach to African diplomacy in the 21st century.

The authors emphasize that Tanzania's "smart power" diplomacy—combining Joseph Nye's concepts of hard and soft power—offers a blueprint for African nations navigating the multipolar world. By maintaining moral authority through peacekeeping and mediation while pursuing strategic economic partnerships with both Eastern and Western powers, Tanzania demonstrates that principled pragmatism is not only possible but necessary for developing nations.

The 2024 Foreign Policy Review, launched in May 2025, crystallizes this vision: integrating New Climate Economy requirements, diaspora engagement, digital public infrastructure, and environmental protection while addressing emerging challenges like cybersecurity, transborder crime (costing USD 500 million annually), and regional conflicts.

Under President Hassan's 4Rs philosophy and Samia-nomics framework, Tanzania is positioned to achieve transformative outcomes by 2030:

• USD 10 billion in annual exports through blue economy initiatives
• 50 new diplomatic missions expanding global reach
• USD 20 billion in blended infrastructure financing
• Regional stability through enhanced CPMM mechanisms and early warning systems

By 2081, if these policies continue, Tanzania could realize a 30-fold GDP increase, transforming from a liberation haven into an economic powerhouse while maintaining its role as Africa's diplomatic conscience. This journey proves that in the multipolar age, truth and beauty need not be contradictory—they can be symphonically harmonized to create a foreign policy that is both ethically grounded and economically empowering.

Tanzania's model offers a powerful counter-narrative to neoliberal orthodoxy, demonstrating that African nations can chart their own course—demystifying global economic shadows while building inclusive prosperity rooted in cultural authenticity and pan-African solidarity.

📘 Read the Full Research Paper:
"Truth and Beauty in Tanzanian Diplomacy: From Liberation to Economic Ascendancy in a Multipolar World"
Authored by Dr. Bravious Felix Kahyoza (PhD, FMVA)
Published by TICGL | Tanzania Investment and Consultant Group Ltd
🌐 www.ticgl.com

Tanzania's internet landscape is rapidly expanding, primarily driven by mobile networks. The total number of internet subscriptions rose by 5%, from 39.3 million in June 2024 to 41.4 million by September 2024. Mobile internet remains dominant, with 22.9 million high-speed mobile lines (3G, 4G, 5G), while 18.3 million still use 2G services. Vodacom leads the market with a 32.5% share, followed by Airtel (27.9%) and Tigo (25.1%). Though fixed internet services, particularly fiber-optic connections, are slowly growing, mobile remains the primary access mode. This rapid connectivity growth supports Tanzania's digital transformation.

1. Number of Internet Lines:

• The total number of internet subscriptions increased from 39.3 million in June 2024 to 41.4 million in September 2024, a growth of 5% in just three months.
• The increase highlights the growing demand for internet services across Tanzania, driven by the need for digital communication, entertainment, education, and online business.

2. Breakdown of Internet Subscriptions by Technology:

The internet subscriptions are categorized based on the technology used to access the service. Here is the breakdown for September 2024:

• Mobile Wireless Internet (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G):
  • This is the most common form of internet access in Tanzania. It accounts for the majority of internet lines, with 22.9 million lines subscribed to high-speed mobile internet (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G), an increase from 22.1 million in June 2024.
  • 2G services still serve 18.3 million subscribers, highlighting that a significant portion of the population uses basic mobile internet services like GPRS and EDGE.
• Fixed Wireless Internet:
  • This category includes services like WiMAX and is used less frequently. The number of subscriptions here is relatively low, with 59,743 fixed wireless lines in September 2024, a slight increase from 52,893 in June 2024.
• Fixed Wired Internet:
  • Fiber to the Home (FTTH): 10,449 lines in September 2024, up from 9,028 in June 2024.
  • Fiber to the Office (FTTO): 59,743 lines in September 2024, up from 52,893 in June 2024.
  • Other Fixed Wired Internet: 59,605 lines in September 2024, up from 49,905 in June 2024​.

This shows that while mobile internet dominates, there is gradual growth in wired internet services, especially for homes and offices.

3. Internet Market Share by Providers:

The mobile internet market is dominated by a few key providers:

• Vodacom holds the largest share with 32.5% of the market.
• Airtel follows with 27.9%.
• Tigo controls 25.1%.
• Halotel has 10.8%.
• TTCL holds the smallest share at 3.7%​.

This data indicates that most Tanzanians access the internet through mobile networks, with Vodacom, Airtel, and Tigo being the primary providers.

4. Historical Growth in Internet Subscriptions:

• Over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in internet subscriptions, reflecting the growing importance of internet access in everyday life and business.
• The number of internet subscriptions increased from 22 million in 2019 to 41.4 million by September 2024. This shows that internet penetration has nearly doubled in the past five years, driven by mobile internet expansion and the rollout of higher-speed technologies like 4G and 5G​.

5. Average Monthly Data Usage:

• The report also highlights that the average monthly data usage per internet user is growing, indicating that Tanzanians are increasingly consuming more digital content.
• This rise can be attributed to the increased use of smartphones, the availability of affordable data packages, and growing digital literacy.

6. International Internet Capacity:

• The international internet capacity available for Tanzania continues to grow, supporting faster internet speeds and larger amounts of data transmission.
• The report notes an increase in international bandwidth capacity, which allows for improved internet services nationwide, especially in urban centers where demand is highest​.

Summary:

1. Strong Growth: The number of internet subscriptions grew by 5% in just three months, reaching 41.4 million by September 2024. Mobile internet dominates this growth, particularly through 3G and 4G technologies.
2. Mobile Internet Leads: Mobile internet is the most popular means of access, with 22.9 million high-speed mobile lines. However, a significant portion of users still relies on 2G services (18.3 million), showing that not all regions are fully transitioned to faster networks.
3. Market Dominance by Vodacom, Airtel, and Tigo: The internet market is dominated by Vodacom, Airtel, and Tigo, which together hold over 85% of the mobile internet market.
4. Fixed Wired Internet Slowly Expanding: Although mobile internet dominates, there is slow but steady growth in fiber-optic connections for homes and offices, indicating gradual improvement in infrastructure for fixed wired internet services.
5. Rising Data Consumption: The rise in internet subscriptions and increased data usage reflects the growing digital transformation of Tanzania, where more people are accessing the internet for communication, entertainment, business, and education.

Internet services with insights into the country's digital landscape and internet usage trends

Tanzania’s internet landscape is rapidly expanding, with a heavy reliance on mobile networks for access. This growth tells us that the country is becoming more digitally connected, which is essential for economic development, social inclusion, and modernization. The ongoing rollout of faster mobile technologies (4G, 5G) and the gradual expansion of fixed internet services suggest that Tanzania is on a path towards better digital infrastructure, though there are still gaps in rural and underserved areas.

Overall, the numbers reflect a positive digital trend, with increasing connectivity enabling more Tanzanians to participate in the global digital economy.

1. Rapid Internet Expansion:

• The increase in internet subscriptions from 39.3 million to 41.4 million in just three months (a 5% growth) indicates that internet access is becoming increasingly widespread. This points to a growing demand for connectivity, driven by factors such as the need for online communication, education, entertainment, and business.

2. Dominance of Mobile Internet:

• The overwhelming majority of internet users access the internet via mobile wireless technologies (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G), with 22.9 million users on high-speed mobile networks (up from 22.1 million). 2G services are still in use by 18.3 million subscribers, showing that many regions rely on slower, basic mobile internet. This suggests that while faster networks are growing, there is still a significant reliance on older, slower technologies in rural areas.

3. Mobile Operators as Key Providers:

• The mobile internet market is dominated by Vodacom (32.5% market share), Airtel (27.9%), and Tigo (25.1%). This strong presence indicates that these companies are the primary drivers of internet access across Tanzania, especially in areas where fixed internet infrastructure is limited. The data tells us that mobile internet is more accessible and convenient for most people compared to fixed connections.

4. Slow Growth in Fixed Internet Services:

• Despite mobile internet’s dominance, there is gradual growth in fixed wired internet services, especially fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and fiber-to-the-office (FTTO), which saw an increase in subscriptions. This growth is particularly important for businesses and urban users who require faster, more reliable internet. However, the numbers remain relatively small, indicating that infrastructure for fixed internet is still in the early stages of development.

5. Increased Data Usage:

• The growth in internet subscriptions and the rise in average monthly data usage suggest that Tanzanians are consuming more online content than ever before. This points to increasing digital engagement through activities such as streaming, online learning, and e-commerce.

6. Improved International Internet Capacity:

• The report mentions an increase in international bandwidth capacity, which enhances the country’s ability to support higher data speeds and volumes. This improvement is crucial for handling the growing number of users and their increasing data demands, especially in urban centers.

7. Digital Transformation and Economic Impact:

• The rapid growth in internet usage indicates that Tanzania is undergoing a digital transformation, with internet services becoming integral to the economy. This growth supports sectors such as e-commerce, digital banking, online education, and telehealth. It also facilitates communication and access to information, both crucial for development.

Source: Takwimu za Mawasiliano Robo ya mwaka inayoishia Septemba 2024

Katika robo ya mwaka inayomalizika mwezi Septemba 2024, sekta ya mawasiliano nchini Tanzania ilionyesha ukuaji mzuri, huku idadi ya lines za simu ikiongezeka kutoka milioni 76.6 hadi milioni 80.7, sawa na ongezeko la asilimia 5.4. Pamoja na ukuaji wa akaunti za pesa mtandao kutoka milioni 55.7 hadi milioni 60.8, ukionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 9, M-Pesa iliongoza soko ikiwa na asilimia 36.9 ya hisa. Aidha, usajili wa intaneti uliongezeka kutoka milioni 39.3 hadi milioni 41.4, ukuaji wa asilimia 5. Takwimu hizi zinaashiria upanuzi mkubwa wa huduma za kidijitali, ukionesha kuongezeka kwa uunganisho na ushiriki wa kifedha, ingawa utegemezi wa teknolojia ya 2G unaonyesha haja ya uwekezaji zaidi katika intaneti ya kasi ya juu, hasa katika maeneo ya vijijini.

1. Takwimu za Mawasiliano ya Simu:
   • Idadi ya watumiaji wa lines za simu iliongezeka kutoka milioni 76.6 mwezi Juni 2024 hadi milioni 80.7 mwezi Septemba 2024, ikiwakilisha ukuaji wa asilimia 5.4.
   • Kanda yenye watumiaji wa lines za simu ni Dar es Salaam ikiwa na mistari milioni 14.8, ikifuatiwa na Mwanza yenye mistari milioni 5.3.
2. Takwimu za Pesa Mtandao:
   • Akaunti za pesa mtandao ziliongezeka kutoka milioni 55.7 mwezi Juni 2024 hadi milioni 60.8 mwezi Septemba 2024, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 9.
   • M-Pesa inashikilia soko la pesa mtandao kwa asilimia 36.9 ya hisa ya soko, ikifuatiwa na Tigo Pesa kwa asilimia 32.1 na Airtel Money kwa asilimia 18.8.
3. Takwimu za Huduma ya Intaneti:
   • Usajili wa intaneti ulishuka kutoka milioni 39.3 mwezi Juni 2024 hadi milioni 41.4 mwezi Septemba 2024, ukuaji wa asilimia 5.
   • Broadband ya simu inaongoza ikiwa na mistari milioni 22.9 ya intaneti ya kasi ya juu, ikifuatiwa na teknolojia ya 2G yenye mistari milioni 18.3.

Takwimu zinatoa maoni kadhaa muhimu kuhusu ukuaji na mwelekeo katika sekta ya mawasiliano na huduma za kidijitali nchini Tanzania

Takwimu hizi zinaonyesha ukuaji mzuri katika sekta ya mawasiliano, huku huduma za simu, pesa mtandao, na ufikiaji wa intaneti zikipanuka kwa haraka. Inaonyesha kuongezeka kwa ushiriki wa kidijitali nchini Tanzania, huku pesa mtandao ikiongoza mabadiliko ya kifedha na intaneti ya simu ikitengeneza msingi wa ufikiaji mtandaoni. Hata hivyo, utegemezi wa teknolojia ya 2G unaonyesha kuwa kuna haja ya uwekezaji zaidi katika intaneti ya kasi ya juu, hasa katika maeneo ya vijijini, ili kufunga pengo la kidijitali.

1. Kuongezeka kwa Uunganisho na Ufikiaji wa Kidijitali:
   • Ukuaji wa asilimia 5.4 katika watumiaji wa lines za simu (kutoka milioni 76.6 hadi milioni 80.7) unaonyesha kuongezeka kwa ufikiaji wa huduma za simu, ambayo inawezekana imesababishwa na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya mawasiliano, intaneti ya simu, na huduma za kidijitali.
   • Dar es Salaam na Mwanza zinakuza usajili wa watumiaji wa lines za simu, ikionyesha kwamba maeneo ya mijini yanapata faida kubwa kutokana na maendeleo ya mawasiliano.
2. Upanuzi wa Haraka wa Huduma za Pesa Mtandao:
   • Ukuaji wa asilimia 9 katika akaunti za pesa mtandao (kutoka milioni 55.7 hadi milioni 60.8) unaonyesha jinsi pesa mtandao inavyokuwa chombo muhimu kwa ushiriki wa kifedha, ikiwwezesha Watanzaia wengi kupata huduma za kifedha za kidijitali.
   • M-Pesa inaongoza soko kwa asilimia 36.9 ya hisa, ikifuatiwa na Tigo Pesa na Airtel Money, ikionyesha ushindani mkali lakini pia matumizi ya pesa mtandao kwa manunuzi, akiba, na biashara.
3. Kuongezeka kwa Ujumuishaji wa Intaneti:
   • Ukuaji wa asilimia 5 katika usajili wa intaneti (kutoka milioni 39.3 hadi milioni 41.4) unaonyesha kwamba ufikiaji wa intaneti unapanuka, huku Watanzaia wengi wakijiunga mtandaoni.
   • Broadband ya simu (mamilioni 22.9 ya usajili) ndiyo njia kuu ambayo watu wanapata intaneti, wakati 2G inabaki kuwa muhimu, ikionyesha tofauti ya kidijitali kati ya wale wenye ufikiaji wa intaneti ya kasi ya juu na wale wanaotegemea mitandao ya polepole.

Source: Takwimu za Mawasiliano Robo ya mwaka inayoishia Septemba 2024

As of September 2024, Tanzania's telecommunications sector continues to expand rapidly, with mobile subscriptions reaching 80.7 million, a 5.4% increase from June's 76.6 million. Leading operators like Vodacom, Tigo, and Airtel dominate the market, while the number of M2M lines grew by 4.8%, reflecting progress in IoT adoption. Infrastructure development also surged, with 8,583 telecommunication towers and increasing 5G mast installations. Smartphone penetration climbed to 33.85%, further boosting digital access, especially in urban areas like Dar es Salaam, which leads with 14.8 million mobile lines.

1. Number of Mobile Lines:
   • As of September 2024, the number of registered mobile lines reached 80.7 million, up from 76.6 million by June 2024, representing a 5.4% increase.
   • During the quarter, there was an average 1.7% monthly increase in the registration of mobile and landline subscriptions.
   • Table 1.1.1 shows mobile line registrations for service providers (P2P - Person to Person):
     • Vodacom: 24.1 million
     • Airtel: 19.5 million
     • Tigo: 23.4 million
     • Halotel: 10.9 million
     • TTCL: 1.5 million
2. Machine to Machine (M2M) Lines:
   • M2M lines increased from 0.97 million (June 2024) to 1.02 million (September 2024), a 4.8% increase.
   • Vodacom leads in M2M line registrations, holding 56.2% of the market, followed by Airtel with 32.7%, and Halotel with 5.9%.
3. Number of Telecommunication Towers:
   • The total number of telecommunication towers in Tanzania reached 8,583 by September 2024.
     • Dar es Salaam leads with 1,156 towers, followed by Mwanza with 423 towers.
     • The region with the fewest towers is Katavi (94 towers).
4. Number of Communication Masts (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G):
   • As of September 2024, the number of masts was:
     • 2G: 13,579
     • 3G: 12,637
     • 4G: 12,260
     • 5G: 834 (an increase of 6% compared to previous months).
     • Dar es Salaam leads in all categories of communication masts.
5. Distribution of Mobile Lines by Region:
   • The top five regions with the highest number of mobile lines are:
     • Dar es Salaam: 14.8 million
     • Mwanza: 5.3 million
     • Arusha: 4.9 million
     • Mbeya: 4.6 million
     • Dodoma: 4.3 million
6. Communication Devices Using SIM Cards:
   • Smartphones have reached 33.85% penetration among the population by September 2024, up from 31.55% in June.
   • Feature phones have a penetration rate of 84.83%.

Statistics on mawasiliano ya simu from Tanzania for the period ending September 2024 with insights into the country's communication landscape

Tanzania’s telecommunication sector is rapidly expanding, with significant growth in mobile subscriptions, infrastructure, and smart device penetration. The dominance of key operators, the rise in machine-to-machine communications, and the growth of mobile money highlight the central role of telecommunications in the country’s digital and economic development. There’s clear momentum towards greater connectivity and access, particularly in urban areas, but there’s also growing attention to rural regions.

1. Rapid Growth in Mobile Subscriptions:

• The increase in mobile subscriptions from 76.6 million to 80.7 million in just three months (a growth of 5.4%) reflects the rapid expansion of mobile network penetration across Tanzania. This suggests an increasing reliance on mobile communication as a key part of daily life and business.

2. Dominance of Major Telecom Operators:

• Vodacom, Tigo, and Airtel dominate the market, with Vodacom holding the largest share of 24.1 million P2P lines. This indicates that these providers are trusted by consumers for personal and business communication, while smaller players like TTCL and Halotel hold niche market shares.

3. Machine to Machine (M2M) Connectivity:

• The rise in M2M connections (from 0.97 million to 1.02 million) shows growing adoption of technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things). This is crucial for industries that require automated communications, like logistics, smart utilities, and agriculture, reflecting progress in technology integration across sectors.

4. Infrastructure Development:

• The increase in the number of minara ya mawasiliano (telecommunication towers), now at 8,583 towers, and the spread of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks show strong investment in telecom infrastructure. This expansion is vital for improving service quality, reaching underserved areas, and supporting the ongoing digital transformation in Tanzania.

5. Urban Dominance:

• Major cities, such as Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, have significantly higher mobile line subscriptions and towers. Dar es Salaam, in particular, leads in both categories, with 14.8 million subscriptions and 1,156 towers. This suggests that urban areas are benefiting more from telecommunication advancements, although rural areas are also seeing gradual improvements.

6. Increase in Smart Device Usage:

• The growth in smartphone penetration from 31.55% to 33.85% indicates a growing shift from basic phones to smartphones, aligning with global trends. This shift implies increasing access to mobile internet services, digital content, and mobile applications.

7. Competitive Mobile Money Market:

• The mobile money sector is highly competitive, with M-Pesa, Tigo Pesa, and Airtel Money controlling 89% of the market. This reflects the importance of mobile money in daily transactions and financial services across Tanzania, showing strong integration between telecom services and financial inclusion.

Source: Takwimu za Mawasiliano Robo ya mwaka inayoishia Septemba 2024

Sub-Saharan Africa's economic outlook for 2024 presents a picture of gradual recovery, with growth projected to rise from 2.4% in 2023 to 3% in 2024, and reaching 4% by 2025-2026. This recovery is driven by improving private consumption and investment, fueled by easing inflation, which is expected to decline from 7.1% in 2023 to 4.8% in 2024, allowing for potential monetary policy rate cuts. However, the region’s macroeconomic performance remains challenged by high public debt, estimated at 58% of GDP in 2024, and a fiscal deficit projected to improve to 3.3% of GDP. Risks to the outlook include conflict (e.g., in Sudan), climate-related disasters, and the region's vulnerability to external shocks, with 53% of low-income countries facing high risk of debt distress. Addressing these challenges requires fiscal reforms and targeted investments to ensure sustained growth and stability.

1. Growth Outlook in Sub-Saharan Africa:

• Growth Recovery: Economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to grow by 3% in 2024, up from 2.4% in 2023, and further accelerate to 4% by 2025-2026​.
• Per Capita Growth: Real income per capita is forecasted to grow by 0.5% in 2024 and 1.4% in 2025​.
• Strong Performers: Countries like Côte d’Ivoire (6.5%), Uganda (6%), and Tanzania (5.4%) are among the top performers expected to post over 5% growth in 2024​.

2. Growth Environment:

• Private Consumption and Investment: These are the main drivers of growth recovery, boosted by easing inflation which is expected to decline from 7.1% in 2023 to 4.8% in 2024​.
• Inflation Decline: Inflation is declining across the region, with around 70% of countries expected to register lower inflation rates in 2024​.
• Monetary Policy: As inflation cools, countries may pursue monetary policy rate cuts, fostering greater investment​.

3. Sub-Saharan Africa's Macroeconomic Performance:

• Public Debt: Government debt remains high at around 58% of GDP in 2024. Sub-Saharan African countries are expected to pay US$19 billion in public external debt service, mostly to private creditors​.
• Fiscal Balance: The median fiscal deficit is projected to decrease from 3.9% of GDP in 2023 to 3.3% of GDP in 2024, with efforts to raise revenue and reduce expenditure​.

4. Risks to the Outlook:

• High Debt: An elevated debt burden reduces the fiscal space for governments to invest in critical infrastructure and human capital​.
• Conflict and Climate Change: Ongoing conflict, such as in Sudan, and climate-related disasters, including floods and droughts, are key risks affecting growth and food security in the region​.

The Africa's Pulse October 2024 report key points about Sub-Saharan Africa's economic outlook

Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a gradual recovery in economic growth, but significant challenges like high debt, conflict, climate change, and limited fiscal space present risks to sustained progress. The region needs to address these challenges through fiscal reforms, targeted investments, and efforts to enhance macroeconomic stability.

1. Economic Growth Recovery: The region's economy is projected to grow by 3% in 2024, up from 2.4% in 2023, with further acceleration to 4% by 2025-2026. This is driven mainly by private consumption and investment, supported by easing inflation and anticipated interest rate cuts. However, the growth recovery remains modest compared to other global regions.
2. Inflation and Consumption: Inflation is expected to decline from 7.1% in 2023 to 4.8% in 2024, improving the purchasing power of households, which in turn supports private consumption. This cooling of inflation allows for potential monetary policy easing, encouraging investment and economic activity.
3. Macroeconomic Performance: Despite growth prospects, the region faces significant challenges:
   • High Debt Levels: Public debt remains at 58% of GDP, with US$19 billion in debt service payments, mostly owed to private creditors. This reduces the fiscal space for essential investments in infrastructure and social services.
   • Fiscal Balance: Fiscal deficits are improving slightly, from 3.9% of GDP in 2023 to 3.3% in 2024, thanks to revenue collection efforts and spending cuts. However, the region's debt burden continues to limit overall progress.
4. Risks to the Outlook:
   • Conflict and Climate Change: Ongoing conflicts, such as the war in Sudan, and extreme weather events (floods, droughts) are major risks to economic stability. These challenges undermine growth, disrupt food security, and exacerbate poverty in affected countries.
   • Vulnerability: Over 53% of low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of debt distress, and many countries are vulnerable to external shocks due to their high reliance on global financing and commodity exports.

Source: Africa’s Pulse October 2024 report

Tanzania's economic outlook for 2024 shows strong growth potential, with a projected GDP increase of 5.4%, significantly higher than the 3% average for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As part of the East African Community (EAC), which is forecasted to grow by 4.7% in 2024, Tanzania benefits from macroeconomic stability and strategic investments in infrastructure, particularly in energy, telecommunications, and transport. These investments, combined with stable inflation, are expected to boost private consumption and investment. However, Tanzania's public debt is projected to rise from 42.5% to 48.4% of GDP, reflecting infrastructure spending, while the fiscal deficit is expected to stabilize at 3.3% of GDP. Risks remain, especially around rising debt and climate-related challenges like droughts and floods, which could impact agriculture and economic stability. Despite these risks, Tanzania's growth prospects remain robust in comparison to other SSA countries.

1. Growth Outlook

• Tanzania is expected to experience GDP growth of 5.4% in 2024, outperforming the regional average growth of 3% for SSA​.
• The East African Community (EAC), which includes Tanzania, is one of the strongest economic performers in SSA, with expected growth of 4.7% in 2024 and 5.7% by 2025–26​.

2. Growth Environment

• Tanzania benefits from macroeconomic stability and rising investments in sectors like energy, telecommunications, and transport, which help enhance productivity. The country’s inflation rate is expected to stabilize, supporting private consumption and investment​.
• Private consumption is expected to increase as inflation eases across SSA, with countries like Tanzania reaping benefits from stable inflation and favorable monetary policies, further bolstering growth​.

3. Macroeconomic Performance

• Government debt in Tanzania is estimated to rise slightly from 42.5% of GDP in 2023 to 48.4% of GDP in 2024, reflecting investments in key infrastructure projects​.
• In terms of sectoral performance, Tanzania’s growth is bolstered by services and infrastructure projects in energy and transport. Investment in these areas is critical for sustaining long-term growth​.
• Fiscal Balance: Tanzania's fiscal deficit is expected to improve slightly, with a fiscal deficit of around 3.3% of GDP in 2024​.

4. Risk Outlook

• High Debt: Public debt remains a key risk in Tanzania, as in many other SSA countries. The rising debt levels could strain fiscal resources, especially in a region where debt service obligations are already significant​.
• Climate Change and Conflict: Tanzania is exposed to climate risks and ongoing economic volatility in the region, which could affect agriculture and food security. Extreme weather events such as droughts or floods are persistent risks across the region​.

Tanzania's economic position relative to other Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries

Tanzania's economy is performing well relative to other Sub-Saharan African countries, with solid growth prospects and important investments. However, the country must address challenges related to debt and climate change to ensure that growth is sustainable.

1. Tanzania’s Strong Growth Outlook: With a projected GDP growth of 5.4% in 2024, Tanzania is set to grow much faster than the Sub-Saharan African average of 3%. This positions Tanzania as one of the leading economies in the region, especially within the East African Community (EAC) where growth is also expected to be robust.
2. Growth Environment: Tanzania benefits from macroeconomic stability and is making significant investments in energy, transport, and telecommunications. These investments are crucial for reducing productivity bottlenecks and fostering economic expansion. Stable inflation will also boost private consumption and investment, further enhancing growth.
3. Macroeconomic Performance: Tanzania's debt level is rising but remains relatively manageable. The government is using this debt to finance critical infrastructure, which is essential for long-term economic development. The country’s fiscal deficit is also improving, suggesting prudent fiscal management.
4. Risk Outlook: Despite its positive growth outlook, Tanzania faces risks related to its rising debt levels, which could become a burden if not managed properly. Additionally, climate-related risks such as droughts and floods, which are common in SSA, pose threats to Tanzania’s agricultural sector and overall economic stability.

Source: Africa’s Pulse October 2024 report