Represented in a form of policy, Insurance is a contract in which the individual or an entity gets the financial protection in other words reimbursement from the insurance company for the damage (big or small) caused to their property.
The insurer and the insured enter a legal contract for the insurance called the insurance policy that provides financial security from the future uncertainties.
In simple words, insurance is a contract, a legal agreement between two parties i.e.the individual named insured and the insurance company called insurer. In this agreement, the insurer promises to make good the losses of the insured on the happening of the contingency and the insured pays a premium in return for the promise made by the insurer.
The contract of insurance between an insurer and insured is based on certain principles, lets us know the principles of insurance in detail.
The concept of insurance is risk distribution among a group of people, hence cooperation becomes the basic principle of insurance.
To ensure the fairness and for the proper functioning of an insurance contract the insurer and the insured have to uphold the 7 principles of Insurances mentioned below:
Let us understand each principle of insurance with an example.
Principle of Utmost Good Faith
The very basic principle is that both the parties in an insurance contract should act in good faith towards each other i.e. they must provide clear and concise information related to the terms and conditions of the contract.
The Insured should provide all the information related to the subject matter and the insurer must give clear details regarding the contract.
Example – Jacob took a health insurance policy. At the time of taking insurance, he was a smoker and failed to disclose this fact. Later, he got cancer. In such a situation the Insurance company will not be liable to bear the financial burden as Jacob concealed important facts.
Principle of Proximate Cause
This is also called the principle of ‘Causa Proxima’ or the nearest cause. This principle applies when the loss is the result of two or more causes. The insurance company will find the nearest cause of loss to the property. If the proximate cause is the one in which the property is insured, then the company must pay compensation. If it is not a cause the property is insured against, then no payment will be made by the insured.
Example –
Due to fire, a wall of a building was damaged, and the municipal authority ordered it to be demolished. While demolition the adjoining building was damaged. The owner of the adjoining building claimed the loss under the fire policy. The court held that fire is the nearest cause of loss to the adjoining building and the claim is payable as the falling of the wall is an inevitable result of the fire.
In the same example, the wall of the building damaged due to fire, fell down due to storm before it could be repaired and damaged an adjoining building. The owner of the adjoining building claimed the loss under the fire policy.In this case, the fire was a remote cause and storm was the proximate cause hence the claim is not payable under the fire policy.
Principle of Insurable interest
This principle says that the individual (insured) must have an insurable interest in the subject matter. Insurable interest means that the subject matter for which the individual enters the insurance contract must provide some financial gain to the insured and also lead to a financial loss if there is any damage, destruction or loss.
Example – the owner of a vegetable cart has an insurable interest in the cart because he is earning money from it. However, if he sells the cart, he will no longer have an insurable interest in it.
To claim the amount of insurance, the insured must be the owner of the subject matter both at the time of entering the contract and at the time of the accident.
Principle of Indemnity
This principle says that insurance is done only for the coverage of the loss hence insured should not make any profit from the insurance contract. In other words, the insured should be compensated the amount equal to the actual loss and not the amount exceeding the loss. The purpose of the indemnity principle is to set back the insured at the same financial position as he was before the loss occurred. Principle of indemnity is observed strictly for property insurance and not applicable for the life insurance contract.
Example – The owner of a commercial building enters an insurance contract to recover the costs for any loss or damage in future. If the building sustains structural damages from fire, then the insurer will indemnify the owner for the costs to repair the building by way of reimbursing the owner for the exact amount spent on repair or by reconstructing the damaged areas using its own authorized contractors.
Principle of Subrogation
Subrogation means one party stands in for another. As per this principle, After the insured i.e. the individual has been compensated for the incurred loss to him on the subject matter that was insured, the rights of the ownership of that property goes to the insurer i.e. the company.
Subrogation gives the right to the insurance company to claim the amount of loss from the third-party responsible for the same.
Example – If Mr A gets injured in a road accident, due to reckless driving of a third party, the company with which Mr A took the accidental insurance will compensate the loss occurred to Mr A and will also sue the third party to recover the money paid as claim.
Principle of Contribution
Contribution principle applies when the insured takes more than one insurance policy for the same subject matter. It states the same thing as in the principle of indemnity i.e. the insured cannot make a profit by claiming the loss of one subject matter from different policies or companies.
Example – A property worth Rs.5 Lakhs is insured with Company A for Rs. 3 lakhs and with company B for Rs.1 lakhs. The owner in case of damage to the property for 3 lakhs can claim the full amount from Company A but then he cannot claim any amount from Company B. Now, Company A can claim the proportional amount reimbursed value from Company B.
Principle of Loss Minimisation
This principle says that as an owner, it is obligatory on part of the insurer to take necessary steps to minimise the loss to the insured property. The principle does not allow the owner to be irresponsible or negligent just because the subject matter is insured.
Example – If a fire breaks out in your factory, you should take reasonable steps to put out the fire. You cannot just stand back and allow the fire to burn down the factory because you know that the insurance company will compensate for it.
There are two broad categories of insurance:
Life Insurance – The insurance policy whereby the policyholder (insured) can ensure financial freedom for their family members after death. It offers financial compensation in case of death or disability.
While purchasing the Life insurance policy, the insured either pay the lump-sum amount or makes periodic payments known as premiums to the insurer. In exchange, of which the insurer promises to pay an assured sum to the family if insured in the event of death or disability or at maturity.
Depending on the coverage life insurance can be classified into the below-mentioned types:
General Insurance – Everything apart from life can be insured under general insurance. It offers financial compensation on any loss other than death. General insurance covers the loss or damages caused to all the assets and liabilities. The insurance company promises to pay the assured sum to cover the loss related to the vehicle, medical treatments, fire, theft, or even financial problems during travel.
General Insurance can cover almost anything and everything but the five key types of insurances available under it are –
The insurance gives benefits to individuals and organisations in many ways. Some of the benefits are discussed below: