In 2024, global debt surged to an alarming USD 250 trillion, equal to 237% of global GDP, as reported by the IMF’s 2024 Global Debt Monitor. Of this, USD 98 trillion was public debt (94% of GDP), and over USD 150 trillion was private debt (143% of GDP). These high levels of global debt—especially in public finances—create ripple effects for low-income countries like Tanzania, which recorded a public debt of 43.3% of GDP in the same year. While Tanzania’s debt remains below the average for Low-Income Developing Countries (50% of GDP), increasing global borrowing costs, tighter financial conditions, and slowing global growth (expected to fall from 2.7% to 2.2% over the next five years) pose challenges. These pressures may raise Tanzania’s external debt servicing costs, limit access to affordable financing, and affect government spending and private sector credit growth.

How Global Debt Trends Could Impact Tanzania's Economy and Public Debt

1. Rising Global Public Debt Creates External Pressure

• Global public debt reached USD 98 trillion (94% of global GDP in 2023/2024).
• Many low-income developing countries (LIDCs), including Tanzania, have seen public debt increase. LIDC public debt rose to 50% of GDP, the highest since early 2000s.
• Tanzania’s own public debt stood at about 43.3% of GDP in 2023/2024 (Bank of Tanzania data), below the LIDC average — but upward pressure is visible.

Implication:
As more countries compete for external financing, borrowing costs could rise for Tanzania, especially for external commercial debt. This could lead to higher debt servicing costs and reduce fiscal space for development spending.

2. Reduced Private Sector Borrowing Globally — Credit Squeeze Risk

• Global private debt fell to 143% of GDP, with household debt at 54% and corporate debt at 90%.
• In emerging and low-income economies, private debt growth has slowed or reversed.
• In Tanzania, private sector credit growth declined slightly in 2023/2024, and is mostly concentrated in trade, manufacturing, and personal loans.

Implication:
If global banks and investors become more risk-averse, Tanzania's private sector may face tighter access to credit — especially SMEs and startups that depend on microfinance or external funding.

3. Tight Global Financial Conditions — Impact on Debt Sustainability

• The IMF highlights that higher interest rates globally are not reducing debt levels significantly but are increasing servicing costs.
• Tanzania’s external debt service payments were over USD 1.5 billion in FY2022/23, and this will likely rise with any tightening in external financial markets.

Implication:
Tanzania may need to shift more toward concessional financing or domestic sources to avoid debt distress. Already, the country spends about 14–16% of government revenue on debt service, a figure that could increase if global rates stay high.

4. Risk of Slower Global Growth — Impacts on Tanzania’s Exports and Revenue

• Global medium-term growth expectations declined from 2.7% to 2.2% (5-year forecast).
• This implies reduced demand for Tanzanian exports such as minerals, tourism, and agricultural products.

Implication:
Lower global demand could mean slower foreign exchange earnings, potentially weakening the shilling, reducing government revenue, and making external debt more expensive to repay.

Summary for Tanzania:

Global vs. Tanzania Debt Figures (2023/2024)

What Tanzania Should Consider:

• Prioritize concessional borrowing and monitor external debt exposure.
• Strengthen domestic revenue mobilization to reduce dependency.
• Promote local financial inclusion and SME support to sustain private sector momentum.
• Maintain fiscal prudence to stay below LIDC risk levels (currently at 43.3% of GDP, still manageable).

In 2024, global debt reached a staggering USD 250 trillion, equivalent to 237% of global GDP, according to the IMF’s 2024 Global Debt Monitor. Although this marks a slight decline from the previous year, the level remains significantly higher than the pre-pandemic ratio of 229% in 2019. The overall decline in global debt is mainly attributed to a drop in private debt, which fell by 2.8 percentage points to 143% of GDP, amounting to over USD 150 trillion. This includes household debt at 54% of GDP and non-financial corporate debt at 90% of GDP. Meanwhile, public debt rose by 2 percentage points to 94% of GDP, reaching USD 98 trillion, reflecting a return to its upward trajectory after the pandemic. The data highlights diverging debt trends across countries—with reductions in private debt seen in advanced economies and the US, while China and low-income developing countries experienced significant increases in both public and private debt levels.

Global Debt Overview (2024)

• Total Global Debt (Public + Private):
  📊 USD 250 trillion
  📉 237% of global GDP (down from 238% in 2022/2023)
  ⚠️ Still 8 percentage points above pre-pandemic level (229% in 2019)

Private Debt

• Total Private Debt:
  💵 > USD 150 trillion
  📉 143% of GDP (↓ 2.8 percentage points from 2022/2023)
  ✅ Now below 2019 level (pre-COVID)
• Composition:
  • Households: 📉 54% of GDP
  • Non-financial corporates: 📉 90% of GDP
• By Country:
  • 🇺🇸 United States:
    • ↓ 6 percentage points to 150% of GDP
    • Household ↓ 3.4%, Corporate ↓ 2.5%
  • 🇨🇳 China:
    • ↑ 6.5 percentage points to 205% of GDP
    • Corporate ↑ 5%, Household ↑ 2%
  • 🌍 Emerging Markets (excl. China): Stable at 69% of GDP
  • 🌐 Advanced Economies (excl. US):
    • ↓ 6% to 168% of GDP

Public Debt

• Total Public Debt:
  💰 USD 98 trillion
  📈 Increased by 2 percentage points to 94% of GDP
  ↪️ Returned to pre-pandemic rising trend
• By Country:
  • 🇺🇸 US: ↑ to 123% of GDP
  • 🇨🇳 China: ↑ to 84% of GDP
  • 🌍 EMDEs (excluding China): ↑ to 57% of GDP
  • 🌐 Advanced Economies (excl. US): ↓ to 103% of GDP
  • 🌍 Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDCs):
    • ↑ to 50% of GDP (new high)
    • Private debt ↓ to 38%, but still 4% higher than in 2019

What Drove the Decline in Private Debt?

1. Lower Future Growth Expectations
   ➤ Global 5-year growth forecast fell from 2.7% (2022) to 2.2% (2023/2024)
2. Inflation Surprises
   ➤ Helped reduce real debt ratios:
   • Emerging Markets: Surprise inflation fell from 6% → 2.3%
   • Advanced Economies: Fell from 5.5% → 1.5%
3. Eased Economic Uncertainty (except in the US due to elections)

📌 Notable Highlights

• China has the highest debt-to-GDP ratio globally: 289% of GDP
• The US and Advanced Economies led the global debt decline
• Global debt ratio declined by 20 percentage points since 2020, correcting about two-thirds of the pandemic surge

what the global debt data is telling us:

1. The World Is Still Heavily in Debt

• Total global debt is USD 250 trillion, equal to 237% of global GDP.
• Although this is slightly lower than in 2022, it’s still much higher than before the COVID-19 pandemic (229% in 2019).
• This means countries, companies, and households still carry a very heavy debt burden.

2. Private Sector Is Cleaning Up

• The decline in global debt is mainly due to a drop in private debt (households and companies).
• People and firms are borrowing less or paying back loans, especially in the US and Europe.
• In the US, private debt fell a lot — households and companies reduced borrowing.
• But in China, private debt surged. Companies are borrowing more, despite weak economic signals.

3. Governments Are Borrowing More Again

• After stabilizing, public debt rose again in 2023/2024.
• It’s now at 94% of global GDP, close to COVID levels.
• Countries like China and many low-income nations increased public borrowing, which raises concerns about debt sustainability.

4. Why Is Private Debt Falling?

• Low future growth expectations — people and businesses don’t see big growth coming, so they avoid debt.
• Inflation — when prices rise, the value of old debt falls.
• Less uncertainty — the global economy is more stable than during COVID, so people aren’t borrowing as a precaution.

5. Warnings & Opportunities

• Although private debt is falling, public debt is rising, shifting the risk to governments.
• Some countries, like LIDCs, are hitting dangerously high debt levels again.
• Policymakers may need to focus more on public debt management going forward.

In short:

✅ Households and companies are being cautious
⚠️ Governments are borrowing more again
📉 Global debt is slowly improving, but risks remain

Summary global debt figures:

Global Debt Summary (2023/2024)

Debt by Region or Country (2023/2024)

Momentum for Growth Amid Stability

Tanzania enters 2025/2026 with strong economic momentum, driven by projected GDP growth of 6.1% in 2025 and 6.4% in 2026, marking steady progress from 5.9% in 2024. Inflation remains contained at 3.2%–3.5%, ensuring price stability for consumers and businesses. Dynamic sectors such as ICT (13.5% growth by 2026), energy (12.0%), and mining (9.3%) are fueling economic transformation, while private sector credit is expanding robustly at over 20% annually. With public debt stabilized at around 46.5% of GDP and strong revenue performance (100%+ of targets), Tanzania is well-positioned for inclusive growth and investment expansion in key industries.

Tanzania Business Report 2025: Growth, Stability & Sectoral Transformation

Tanzania's economy in 2025 is poised on solid footing, building on the steady momentum of previous years. With consistent policy direction and resilience across sectors, the country presents a compelling picture for investors, analysts, and business stakeholders.

Macroeconomic Highlights (2020–2024)

• Real GDP Growth climbed from 4.5% in 2020 to 5.9% in 2024, indicating a gradual post-pandemic recovery and strong domestic activity.
• Headline Inflation remained moderate, ending 2024 at 3.0%, reinforcing price stability.
• The Exchange Rate (TZS/USD) depreciated slightly from 2,323 (2022) to 2,585 by Dec 2024, reflecting manageable currency pressures.
• Public Debt rose to ~46.3% of GDP in nominal terms but remains sustainable with a PV (Present Value) ratio of 41.1%.

Sectoral Performance (Growth %)

Top Performers: ICT, Energy, and Mining sectors drove 2024 growth, with ICT growing at a remarkable 12.5% and Energy at 11.0%, bolstered by digital transformation and energy infrastructure investments.

Trade Dynamics

• Exports of Goods & Services rebounded strongly in 2023 (+39.0%) but contracted -1.5% in 2024.
• Imports continued a positive trend, expanding by 6.4% in 2024, suggesting increased domestic demand.

Banking & Credit Sector

• Commercial Bank Deposits rose 15.6%, indicating confidence in the financial system.
• Lending Growth improved to 15.4%, with Private Sector Credit jumping 21.2%, reflecting a pro-business credit environment.

Government Fiscal Operations

Strong revenue collection (99.5% of target) and controlled deficit spending reflect fiscal discipline amid rising development investment.

Inflation Breakdown

The inflation structure indicates broad price stability, particularly in essential sectors.

Outlook

Tanzania heads into 2025 with strong momentum in ICT, energy, and industrial growth. Stable inflation, a healthy banking sector, and expanding infrastructure projects offer a conducive environment for private investment and business expansion.

📊 “Tanzania continues to set the pace in East Africa for diversified, resilient economic growth.”

Forecast for Tanzania for the year 2025/2026: Macroeconomic indicators, sectoral performance, trade, banking, fiscal operations, and inflation.

Macroeconomic Forecast: Tanzania (2025–2026)

Sectoral Growth Forecast (% Change)

Trade Forecast (% Change)

Banking & Credit Forecast (% Growth)

Government Fiscal Operations (% Change)

Inflation Breakdown (% Change)

Stability, Growth & Sectoral Momentum

Tanzania is heading into 2025/2026 with strong and balanced growth, supported by moderate inflation, stable fiscal management, and dynamic performance across key economic sectors.

Macroeconomic Outlook

• GDP growth is projected to accelerate to 6.1% in 2025 and 6.4% in 2026, indicating a robust economic recovery driven by infrastructure investments, digital economy growth, and regional trade.
• Inflation remains under control (around 3.2%–3.5%), which supports consumer purchasing power and business planning.
• The exchange rate will depreciate slowly, suggesting external stability but continued pressure from imports and global currency trends.
• Public debt remains sustainable, with only slight increases, showing effective debt management and continued investor confidence.

Sectoral Trends

• Top performing sectors will be:
  • ICT & Digital Economy: Growth will hit 13.5% in 2026, fueled by digital infrastructure, mobile usage, and e-services.
  • Energy Sector: Rapid growth (12% by 2026) shows Tanzania’s push in electricity and gas infrastructure.
  • Mining and Manufacturing: Ongoing reforms and mineral demand will sustain strong growth above 9% and 5.9% respectively.
• Agriculture, though steady, is growing slower — indicating the need for modernization and value chain development.
• Tourism is on the rebound, projected to reach 7% growth, reflecting increased travel and hospitality recovery.

Trade Dynamics

• Exports are projected to recover strongly (+6.0% in 2025 and +8.5% in 2026) after the 2024 dip — thanks to minerals, agriculture, and tourism.
• Imports will continue rising moderately, reflecting strong domestic demand for capital goods, industrial inputs, and consumer goods.

Financial Sector Confidence

• Commercial bank deposits and lending remain strong, growing above 14% annually, showing business confidence and expanding access to finance.
• Private sector credit growth above 20% indicates strong investment appetite and supportive banking environment.

Fiscal Responsibility

• The government will maintain a manageable budget deficit (~2% of GDP) while increasing both revenue and development spending.
• Grants are declining (only ~1% of revenue by 2026), signaling greater self-reliance in public finances.

Cost of Living

• Inflation is mild across food, housing, and transport — a positive sign for households and business cost planning.

Bottom Line

Tanzania in 2025/2026 is set for strong, inclusive, and sustainable growth, with opportunities in:

• Digital economy
• Energy infrastructure
• Export diversification
• Tourism revival
• Financial sector expansion

Employment Trends in Tanzania (2025-2030), Bridging the Formal and Informal Gap

Tanzania’s workforce is 71.8% informal (25.95 million workers) and 28.2% formal (10.17 million workers), highlighting a major divide in job security, wages, and social protection. While formal employment is projected to rise to 38% by 2030, barriers such as limited job availability (42%), skills mismatches (26%), and bureaucratic challenges (21%) slow the transition. This report explores the key trends, challenges, and opportunities in Tanzania’s employment landscape, emphasizing the role of industrialization, digital transformation, and policy reforms in shaping the future workforce.

Key Figures

• 71.8% of Tanzania's workforce (approx. 25.95 million workers) is employed in the informal sector.
• 28.2% of the workforce (approx. 10.17 million workers) is in formal employment.
• The formal employment rate is projected to increase to 38% by 2030.
• 82% of respondents reported that digitalization has increased job opportunities.
• 49% of workers surveyed are in informal employment, while 23% are in formal jobs, and 27% are unemployed.
• 54% of informal workers were unaware of government formalization programs.
• Agriculture employs 28% of Tanzania's workforce, mostly informally.
• Small businesses make up 44% of the informal economy.

Main Issues Breakdown

1. The Divide Between Formal and Informal Employment

• Formal employment offers stability, benefits, and social security, but access is limited due to education, experience, and bureaucracy.
• Informal employment dominates the economy, with workers in agriculture, small businesses, and retail trade.
• Barriers to transitioning to formal jobs include:
  • Limited job availability (42%)
  • Skills mismatches (26%)
  • Bureaucratic registration processes (21%)

2. Education and Employment Trends

• 83% of formal sector workers hold a bachelor’s degree or higher.
• Workers with lower education levels (primary & secondary) are mostly in the informal sector.
• Diploma and vocational training holders find jobs mainly in skilled trades like construction and manufacturing.

3. Work Experience and Job Stability

• 25% of workers have less than 1 year of experience (mostly informal jobs).
• 49% have 2-5 years of experience, indicating a high number of early-career professionals.
• Mid-career workers (6-10 years) transition into formal employment.
• Senior professionals (10+ years) occupy leadership roles.

4. Challenges in Informal Employment

• No social protections (health insurance, pensions).
• Low and unstable incomes due to seasonal work.
• Limited access to financial services (loans and investment).
• Complex business registration discourages small businesses from formalizing.

5. Factors Encouraging Formalization

• 50% of workers are attracted by social security and benefits.
• 20% prefer formal jobs due to higher wages.
• 14% say government incentives (such as tax exemptions) help.
• 16% want simplified formalization processes.

6. Digital Technology and Employment Growth

• 82% of workers say technology has improved job creation.
• 53% reported that mobile banking and e-commerce have boosted employment.
• ICT, fintech, and digital platforms are creating new job opportunities.

7. Job Creation by Sector

• Agriculture (28%) is the largest employer but remains mostly informal.
• Manufacturing (18%) is growing due to industrialization.
• Construction (14%) benefits from government infrastructure projects.
• Technology/ICT (9%) is fast-growing but underdeveloped.

Policy Recommendations

To address these employment challenges, the report suggests:

1. Expand Industrialization and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to increase formal jobs.
2. Improve Vocational Training to align skills with industry needs.
3. Simplify Business Registration and Taxation to encourage formalization.
4. Enhance Digital and Remote Work Opportunities through ICT training.
5. Introduce Affordable Social Protection Schemes for informal workers.

Conclusion

The Tanzanian labor market is shifting towards more formalization, but challenges like bureaucracy, low education levels, and financial constraints remain. The digital economy and government policy reforms present new opportunities to increase formal employment and improve workforce stability.

Employment Trends by Sector in Tanzania (2025-2030)

Introduction

In 2025,U.S. President Donald Trump’s proposed tariff hikes—including a staggering increase from 34% to 145% on Chinese imports and a flat 10% tariff on key trade partners such as the European Union (18.5% of U.S. imports), Japan (4.5%), Vietnam (4.2%), and India (2.7%)—have reignited fears of a global trade war. These tariffs affect over 60% of U.S. imports, threatening to reduce global trade growth by up to 1.5 percentage points and wipe out US$300–500 billion in trade value in 2025.

While the intention is to protect American industries, the ripple effects are expected to disrupt global supply chains, increase inflation in the U.S., and reduce market access for exporters across developing countries. Africa, with average import tariffs around 8%, may experience a 1–2% decline in export revenue, particularly in agriculture and textiles. In East Africa, countries like Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tanzania, which rely on apparel and commodity exports, face uncertain prospects as U.S. demand contracts and global trade flows reorient. For Tanzania, while direct U.S. exposure is limited, the indirect effects—such as reduced demand for coffee, tobacco, and minerals—may lead to a 0.3–0.5% drop in GDP growth and 1–2% export revenue loss.

March 2025 Global Trade Update from UNCTAD, with analysis at the global, Africa-wide, East Africa, and Tanzania levels, including relevant figures.

🌍 Global

Trade Growth & Trends (2024–2025)

• Global trade reached US$33 trillion in 2024:
  • +3.7% growth overall.
  • +2% goods trade, +9% services trade.
  • Trade expanded by US$1.2 trillion: goods contributed US$500B, services US$700B.

Tariff Trends

• Agriculture: Highest average tariffs—~20% under MFN.
• Manufacturing: Moderate tariffs—~10% for 30% of trade; preferences apply to 70%.
• Raw materials: Over 80% duty-free; tariffs on the rest average 3.5%.

Key Issues

• Tariff escalation hinders value-added exports from developing countries.
• Tariff peaks (15%+) are common in sensitive sectors like agriculture and apparel.
• Protectionism and geoeconomic tensions are rising, especially between major economies (e.g., US-China).

🌍 Africa

Tariff Trends

• Africa imposes high tariffs: average ~8% on imports.
• African exports face lower tariffs in developed countries due to preferences.
• Intra-African trade benefits from 4.6% lower tariffs (regional integration).
• High tariffs remain in agriculture and manufacturing, especially on processed goods (e.g., food, apparel).

Trade Growth

• Africa’s intra-regional trade fell by 4% in Q4 2024, despite global growth.
• Africa’s export tariffs dropped slightly from 8.7% (2012) to 8.1% (2023), but still among the highest globally.

Challenges

• High tariffs and tariff escalation limit industrialization and competitiveness.
• Exports still centered around natural resources with low value addition.

🌍 East Africa

East Africa isn't isolated in most figures but falls under Africa or Rest of Asia depending on the context. However, based on patterns:

Trade Position

• East Africa faces:
  • High import tariffs (close to 8%),
  • Strong agriculture protection,
  • Less exposure to global manufacturing exports due to tariff escalation.
• Benefits from regional agreements (e.g., AfCFTA, EAC customs union).

Key Challenges

• Value addition in sectors like coffee, tea, textiles is limited due to high tariffs on processed goods.
• Still heavily reliant on exports of raw or semi-processed goods.

Tanzania-Specific Insights

Tanzania isn’t specifically mentioned in the report, but here are contextual implications:

Tariffs & Trade Policy

• Tanzania, as an EAC member, applies common external tariffs.
• Relies on tariffs for 10–30% of public revenue, similar to other developing countries.
• High tariffs on finished goods discourage local value addition.
• Opportunities lie in negotiating better access for processed exports (e.g., cotton textiles, coffee, cashew products).

Impacts

• Tariff escalation affects Tanzania’s ambition to industrialize.
• Agriculture and textiles—sectors where Tanzania has competitive potential—face tariff peaks in export markets.
• Preferential trade agreements (e.g., AGOA, EU GSP) offer limited but valuable export access.

Strategic Focus Areas

• Push for regional value chains (in agriculture, minerals).
• Improve trade facilitation and infrastructure to lower non-tariff barriers.
• Leverage AfCFTA to expand intra-African trade and reduce reliance on global markets with higher tariffs.

📊 Key Figures Table

United States' trade dynamics with other countries in the March 2025 UNCTAD Global Trade Update, including figures:

United States Trade Overview (2024–Q4 2024)

📦 Goods Trade

• Imports (Q4 2024): +6% annually, +1% quarterly
• Exports (Q4 2024): +2% annually, but -1% quarterly

📈 Services Trade

• Imports (Q4 2024): +8% annually, +4% quarterly
• Exports (Q4 2024): +8% annually, +1% quarterly

⚖️ Trade Balance (Goods)

• The U.S. continues to run the largest global trade deficit, reaching -US$355 billion with China alone in 2024.
• The deficit widened due to strong U.S. domestic demand and global supply chain sourcing.

🔁 Major U.S. Bilateral Trade Relationships (Goods, 2024)

These deficits reflect the U.S. importing more than exporting across these countries, especially in electronics, machinery, apparel, and consumer goods.

🔄 Trade Dependence Patterns (2024 Trends)

• U.S. dependence increased on:
  • Malaysia (+1.8%)
  • Viet Nam (+1.8%)
  • Taiwan Province of China (+1.5%)
• U.S. dependence decreased on:
  • China (–0.3%)
  • European Union (–0.2%)

👉 This shift reflects supply chain diversification (friendshoring/nearshoring), aiming to reduce reliance on China while increasing ties with ASEAN countries.

📉 Trade Risks for the U.S. (2025 Outlook)

• Rising geopolitical tensions and tariff increases, especially toward China.
• Trade policy shifts may cause:
  • Frontloading of shipments (before new tariffs).
  • Retaliatory tariffs by partners.
  • Disruptions in value chains for electronics, metals, and autos.

📊 Sector-Specific Trade Involvement

U.S. trade deficits are high in:

• Electronics & machinery
• Textiles & apparel
• Motor vehicles

Exports are strong in:

• Agricultural goods
• Aerospace
• Services (finance, ICT, intellectual property)

The proposed tariff hikes by Donald Trump—especially the massive increase on Chinese imports and widespread 10% blanket tariffs—would have major global economic consequences. What these tariffs mean, and how they could impact the global economy, trade flows, and developing countries:

📊 Tariff Hike Summary (as proposed)

Global Economic Effects of These Tariff Changes

1. 🧨 China: Shockwaves from 145% Tariff

• A tariff jump from 34% to 145% is trade war escalation.
• China’s export-heavy economy would face a massive revenue hit, especially in electronics, machinery, and consumer goods.
• Could trigger retaliatory tariffs from China, disrupting U.S. firms reliant on Chinese inputs.
• Major global value chains (e.g. Apple, auto, semiconductors) would be destabilized.
• Result: Global manufacturing slowdown, inflationary pressures in the U.S., and disruptions across Asia.

2. 🔄 Redirection of Trade (Global Supply Chains)

• With China hit hard, Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand) may benefit as alternative suppliers—but:
  • They too face 10% tariffs, reducing their price advantage.
  • Smaller economies may struggle to scale fast enough, leading to supply bottlenecks.
• U.S. companies might reshore (bring back manufacturing), but this raises production costs.

3. 💰 Consumer Inflation in the U.S.

• Higher tariffs = higher import prices.
• U.S. businesses and consumers may face higher costs, especially in:
  • Electronics
  • Household goods
  • Clothing
• May reverse disinflation trends seen in 2024–Q1 2025.

4. 📉 Global Trade Contraction

• Based on 2024 trade data, global trade growth was already decelerating in Q4.
• New tariffs could cut global trade growth by up to 1–1.5 percentage points in 2025.
• UNCTAD warned about geoeconomic fragmentation—this could worsen it sharply.

5. 🌍 Developing Countries at Risk

• Countries like Vietnam, India, Malaysia, and Thailand depend on exports to the U.S.
• Even though tariffs are lower than for China, they still lose competitiveness.
• Africa and Latin America may not benefit much due to:
  • Low integration in electronics/GVCs
  • High internal trade barriers

6. 💼 Business Uncertainty & Investment Drops

• Firms facing sudden 10–100%+ tariff increases may delay:
  • Expansion
  • Investment in new plants/supply chains
• This slows global FDI flows, especially in emerging markets.

Estimated Sectoral Impacts

Conclusion: Likely Global Effects

Likely effects of Trump’s proposed tariff increases—particularly the massive 145% on China and 10% flat tariffs on key U.S. trade partners—broken down by:

🌍 GLOBAL LEVEL IMPACT

🔺 Key Figures

• Global trade value (2024): US$33 trillion
• Share of U.S. in global imports: ~13%
• Tariffs imposed on China: Raised from 34% to 145%
• New 10% blanket tariffs on 11 more countries covering ~45% of U.S. imports

🔁 Trade Impact

• Could reduce global trade growth by 1–1.5 percentage points.
• May result in US$300–500 billion in global trade losses by 2025.
• Consumer prices in the U.S. likely to rise (inflation rebound).
• Global supply chains will be reconfigured, disrupting:
  • Electronics
  • Apparel
  • Auto & machinery
• Services trade may stay resilient but also faces uncertainty due to retaliation risks.

🌍 AFRICA LEVEL IMPACT

📦 Africa–U.S. Trade Context

• Africa’s total trade with U.S. is relatively small (~2% of U.S. imports).
• Focused on raw materials (oil, metals), textiles, and agricultural exports.
• Top exporters: Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Egypt.

🔺 Effects on Africa

🧾 Estimated Figures

• Africa’s trade may contract 1–2% due to ripple effects.
• African textile exports may benefit if AGOA preferences remain.
• South Africa could lose market share in metals and autos if retaliatory tariffs apply.

🌍 EAST AFRICA LEVEL IMPACT

📦 East Africa–U.S. Trade Context

• Key exporters: Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania.
• Focus: coffee, tea, horticulture, garments (especially from Ethiopia and Kenya).

🔺 Effects on East Africa

🧾 Estimated Figures

• Kenya and Ethiopia could gain short-term apparel market share.
• But if U.S. demand weakens, export earnings may still fall 2–3%.
• Overall regional growth could be hit by 0.5–1% GDP decline due to lower trade income.

TANZANIA LEVEL IMPACT

📦 Tanzania–U.S. Trade Snapshot

• U.S. is not among top 5 trade partners.
• Key exports: coffee, tobacco, spices, textiles, minerals.
• Imports from U.S.: machinery, medical equipment, vehicles.

🔺 Effects on Tanzania

🧾 Estimated Figures

• Tanzania’s exports to U.S.: Likely unaffected directly (small share)
• But global slowdown could reduce export revenues by 1–2% (coffee, minerals)
• Capital goods (e.g., machines) could become 10–15% more expensive due to higher U.S. prices
• GDP growth may slow by 0.3–0.5 percentage points if global demand weakens

SUMMARY TABLE

In February 2025, the Tanzania shilling remained broadly stable against the US dollar, with only a slight depreciation from TZS 2,560/USD in January to TZS 2,566/USD, marking a modest 0.23% change. Despite this, the interbank foreign exchange market saw a significant increase in activity, with traded volumes rising by 27.4% from USD 57.2 million to USD 72.9 million. This indicates growing demand for foreign currency—likely for imports or external payments—yet the limited impact on the exchange rate reflects strong macroeconomic management, sufficient forex reserves, and sustained confidence in the Tanzanian economy.

Tanzania Monthly Economic Review – March 2025, the Tanzania shilling (TZS) remained relatively stable against the US dollar (USD) in February 2025, with only slight depreciation observed.

Tanzania Shilling Stability Against the USD – February 2025

Exchange Rate Movement:

• February 2025:
  ➤ TZS 2,566.00 per USD
• January 2025:
  ➤ TZS 2,560.00 per USD

 Change:
➤ The shilling depreciated by TZS 6.00, equivalent to 0.23% over the month.

💡Interpretation: What Does This Mean?

• The Tanzania shilling experienced only marginal depreciation, suggesting strong overall currency stability.
• The interbank foreign exchange market was active, with trading volumes increasing from:
  • USD 57.2 million (Jan 2025) to
  • USD 72.9 million (Feb 2025)
    ➤ Increase of 27.4%, indicating rising demand for USD (possibly for imports or debt servicing).

Despite increased forex demand, the shilling held relatively firm, implying:

• Sufficient foreign exchange reserves by the Bank of Tanzania
• Tight monetary and fiscal coordination
• Controlled inflation and disciplined currency management

Summary Table: Shilling vs. USD

The Tanzania shilling remains broadly stable against the US dollar, with only slight depreciation in February 2025 despite increased foreign exchange market activity. This reflects confidence in macroeconomic fundamentals and effective monetary policy management by the Bank of Tanzania.

Tanzania shilling's stability against the US dollar:

What It Tells Us:

1. The Tanzania Shilling Is Stable
   – The exchange rate changed only slightly from TZS 2,560/USD in January to TZS 2,566/USD in February 2025, a depreciation of just 0.23%.
   ➤ This signals that the shilling is not under heavy pressure and is being well-managed by the Bank of Tanzania.
2. Market Demand for USD Is Growing
   – Foreign exchange trading in the interbank market increased from USD 57.2 million to USD 72.9 million—a 27.4% increase.
   ➤ This could reflect rising imports, seasonal corporate demand, or external obligations (like debt service or payments for goods and services).
3. Despite Demand, the Currency Held Steady
   – Even with the increased demand for dollars, the shilling did not weaken significantly.
   ➤ This shows strong supply-side support, likely through foreign reserves or intervention by the central bank.
4. Investor and Market Confidence Remains High
   – A stable exchange rate in the face of higher forex demand typically means:
   • Inflation is under control
   • Interest rates are appropriate
   • The external sector is resilient

✅ Bottom Line:

The slight movement in the exchange rate tells us the Tanzania shilling is stable and well-supported, even as demand for USD rises. This reflects sound economic management, confidence in the local currency, and a resilient foreign exchange system.

As of February 2025, Tanzania’s total public debt reached TZS 109.92 trillion (approximately USD 42.68 billion), with external debt accounting for 73.4% (TZS 80.73 trillion) and domestic debt 26.6% (TZS 29.19 trillion). Given a population of around 69–70 million, this translates to an average debt burden of TZS 1.57–1.59 million per citizen. The high proportion of external debt—largely denominated in USD—underscores the importance of prudent fiscal management to ensure long-term sustainability amid exchange rate and global interest rate fluctuations.

Tanzania's total debt (external + domestic) as of February 2025, including figures in Tanzania shillings (TZS), along with an estimate of debt per citizen based on a population of 69–70 million:

Tanzania’s Total Public Debt Profile – February 2025

🔸 1. Total Public Debt

• Total Public Debt Stock:
  • USD: $42.68 billion
  • TZS: Approx. TZS 109.98 trillion
    (Using an exchange rate of TZS 2,577.35/USD, as reported in Feb 2025)

🔹 2. Breakdown of Public Debt

Debt per Citizen Estimate

Assuming a population between 69 million and 70 million, here’s how much debt is effectively held per Tanzanian:

What This Tells Us

• Tanzania’s public debt is growing, driven mainly by external borrowing (over 73% of total).
• The average debt burden per Tanzanian citizen is around TZS 1.57–1.59 million, showing the scale of fiscal responsibility required over time.
• While this debt has supported key infrastructure and development projects, it also raises questions about long-term repayment capacity and debt sustainability, especially with most external debt denominated in USD (over 65%).

The total public debt figures and debt per citizen tell us about Tanzania’s current financial situation:

What It Tells Us

1. High Debt Burden
   With total public debt reaching TZS 109.92 trillion (≈USD 42.68 billion), Tanzania has a substantial financial obligation—mostly owed to external creditors (73.4% of the total). This shows that the country relies heavily on foreign borrowing, which exposes it to currency risks, especially if the shilling weakens further.
2. Heavy Debt per Capita
   At an average of TZS 1.57–1.59 million per citizen, the debt burden per person is significant, especially considering that Tanzania’s GDP per capita is under TZS 4 million. This implies that each citizen would owe nearly 40% of their annual income if the national debt were to be evenly distributed—a high ratio for a developing economy.
3. Growing Domestic Financing
   While still smaller than external debt, domestic debt (26.6%) is increasing steadily. This shows that the government is also tapping into local capital markets and institutional investors, such as commercial banks and pension funds, which can strengthen domestic financial systems but also crowd out private sector lending.
4. Debt Sustainability Is Crucial
   The current debt size is manageable if the borrowed funds are used for productive investments—like infrastructure, health, and education—that generate future returns. However, the growing reliance on debt financing calls for tight fiscal discipline and improved revenue collection to maintain debt sustainability and avoid excessive repayment pressures.

In January 2025, Tanzania's central government recorded total revenue of TZS 2,697.8 billion, achieving 98.3% of the monthly target. Tax revenue reached TZS 2,222.3 billion, slightly exceeding the target by 0.3%, signaling strong tax administration. However, non-tax revenue underperformed at TZS 347.8 billion against a target of TZS 413.9 billion. Total expenditure stood at TZS 3,576.1 billion, with recurrent spending consuming TZS 2,358.0 billion and development expenditure totaling TZS 1,218.1 billion. This created a budget deficit of TZS 878.3 billion, underscoring growing fiscal pressure despite stable revenue performance.

Government Budgetary Operations in Tanzania focusing on Central Government Revenues, Expenditure, and the Budget Deficit

1. Central Government Revenues (January 2025)

• Total Revenue: TZS 2,697.8 billion
  • This was 98.3% of the monthly target.
• Central Government Revenue: TZS 2,570.1 billion
  • 97.7% of the target.
• Tax Revenue: TZS 2,222.3 billion
  • Exceeded the monthly target by 0.3% due to sustained tax administration efforts.
• Non-Tax Revenue: TZS 347.8 billion
  • Lower than the estimated TZS 413.9 billion.

This shows strong tax revenue collection but a shortfall in non-tax revenue.

2. Central Government Expenditure (January 2025)

• Total Expenditure: TZS 3,576.1 billion
  • Recurrent Expenditure: TZS 2,358.0 billion
  • Development Expenditure: TZS 1,218.1 billion
    • Includes infrastructure, social services, and development projects.

The government prioritized development while maintaining high recurrent spending.

3. Budget Deficit

To compute the budget deficit for January 2025:

Deficit = Total Expenditure - Total Revenue
= 3,576.1 billion - 2,697.8 billion
= TZS 878.3 billion

🧮 Budget Deficit: TZS 878.3 billion in January 2025
This suggests the government spent more than it collected, creating a financing gap.

Tanzania’s Government Budget Operation in January 2025:

Key Takeaways & Interpretation

1. Strong Revenue Performance – Especially in Taxes

• The government collected 97.7% of its revenue target, and tax revenue slightly exceeded its goal.
• ✅ This indicates effective tax collection efforts and a stable tax base, which is good for fiscal sustainability.
• ❌ However, non-tax revenues fell short, suggesting issues in collecting fees, dividends from state enterprises, or other sources.

2. High Government Spending

• The government spent TZS 3.6 trillion, higher than its revenue collection.
• A significant portion (TZS 2.36 trillion) went to recurrent expenditure (salaries, interest payments, etc.).
• Development spending was also strong, indicating continued investment in infrastructure and growth-supportive areas.

3. Large Budget Deficit

• The deficit of TZS 878.3 billion shows the government spent significantly more than it earned.
• This implies the need to borrow domestically or externally to cover the gap.

What It Means Overall:

• Positive: Tax administration is working well; government is prioritizing development.
• Risk: Persistent budget deficits, if not carefully managed, can lead to higher debt levels, more interest payments, and reduced room for future development spending.

In the first nine months of the 2024/25 fiscal year, the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) collected TZS 24.05 trillion, surpassing its target of TZS 23.21 trillion by TZS 0.84 trillion — a performance rate of 103.62%. Compared to the same period in 2023/24, this marks a 17% increase in revenue, highlighting the success of tax reforms, improved compliance, and administrative efficiency. With projected annual collections expected to exceed TZS 32 trillion, domestic revenue now significantly outpaces annual foreign development support (typically TZS 7–8 trillion), positioning TRA as the central force in financing Tanzania’s economic stability and development.

1. Strong Tax Revenue Performance Supports Budget Execution

In January 2025, tax revenue collections reached TZS 2,222.3 billion, slightly exceeding the government’s target by 0.3%. This enabled the government to finance 62% of its total expenditure of TZS 3,576.1 billion using domestic revenue — a clear demonstration of the growing role of TRA in budget sustainability.

Interpretation: With tax revenue making up over 80% of total government revenue, TRA is already the pillar of fiscal financing, especially in a context where development partners' grants and loans cover only TZS 7–8 trillion annually.

2. Record-Breaking Collections Show TRA’s Growing Impact

Between July 2024 and March 2025, TRA collected TZS 24.05 trillion, surpassing its 9-month target of TZS 23.21 trillion — an impressive 103.62% performance rate. This marks a 17% increase from the TZS 20.55 trillion collected in the same period of 2023/24.

✅ Historical growth: In just 4 years, revenue collections have grown by 77% — from TZS 13.59 trillion in FY 2020/21 to TZS 24.05 trillion in FY 2024/25.
🔑 Implication: If sustained, TRA could reach or even surpass TZS 32 trillion annually, covering nearly the entire annual recurrent government budget, and reducing reliance on external debt or aid.

3. Efficient Systems and Reforms Are Paying Off

Key structural and technological reforms — like:

• TANCIS (Customs System),
• EFDs enforcement, and
• Upcoming IDRAS (Domestic Revenue System),

...are making TRA more efficient and transparent. For instance, during Q3 (Jan–Mar 2025) alone, TRA collected TZS 7.53 trillion, exceeding the target of TZS 7.43 trillion by TZS 0.10 trillion (100 billion).

4. Broader Economic Role – Reducing Deficits

In January 2025, the government faced a budget deficit of TZS 878.3 billion. However, TRA’s ability to exceed targets by TZS 100 billion in Q3 shows it can help narrow future fiscal gaps through robust domestic financing.

📌 Example: If TRA consistently overperforms by even TZS 100 billion per quarter, this could amount to TZS 400–500 billion annually, directly offsetting a significant portion of the deficit.

5. Reducing Dependency on Foreign Support

With development support (grants + loans) hovering between TZS 7–8 trillion annually, and TRA potentially generating TZS 32+ trillion, domestic revenue is on the path to becoming Tanzania’s primary engine of development financing.

TRA has demonstrated its potential to be the central engine of Tanzania’s domestic resource mobilization. With annual revenue likely to exceed TZS 32 trillion, and steady quarterly overperformance (e.g., Q3: 101.32%), TRA can reduce the country’s dependency on external aid, close budget deficits, and provide sustainable funding for key development priorities.

If this momentum continues, Tanzania’s economy will shift from externally supported to domestically driven — powered by TRA’s performance and smart fiscal management.

Table: TRA Revenue Performance and Government Budget Comparison

The Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) has emerged as a critical engine of domestic resource mobilization. From July 2024 to March 2025, TRA collected TZS 24.05 trillion, exceeding its target of TZS 23.21 trillion with a performance rate of 103.62%. Compared to the same period last year (TZS 20.55 trillion), this reflects a 17% growth. Notably, this figure is three times higher than the typical annual foreign support of TZS 7–8 trillion, demonstrating TRA’s central role in funding national priorities and reducing reliance on external aid.

What the Data Tells Us about TRA and Tanzania’s Budget Operations

1. TRA Is Becoming the Backbone of Tanzania’s Public Finances

The Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) has demonstrated exceptional performance by collecting TZS 24.05 trillion in just 9 months, surpassing its target by TZS 0.84 trillion. This performance means that TRA now covers more than 60% of the government’s total expenditure — especially the recurrent budget, which relies heavily on tax revenue.

💡 It shows Tanzania is increasingly funding its own budget — a sign of economic maturity and self-reliance.

2. TRA’s Growth Is Outpacing Economic Challenges

Despite global and regional economic challenges, TRA’s revenue has grown by:

• 17% year-on-year (Jul–Mar),
• 13.47% growth in Q3 alone,
• and 77% over four years (from TZS 13.59T in 2020/21 to TZS 24.05T now).

💡 This signals better tax compliance, improved systems, and strong policy leadership under President Samia.

3. Budget Deficit Still Exists but Can Be Reduced Domestically

The budget deficit in January 2025 was TZS 878.3 billion, but TRA had already overcollected TZS 100 billion in Q3. If this performance continues consistently across quarters, TRA alone could contribute TZS 400–500 billion annually to closing the deficit — nearly half of the gap.

💡 This shows that strategic tax reforms and improved administration can reduce borrowing needs.

4. Domestic Revenue May Replace Foreign Dependency

Currently, Tanzania receives TZS 7–8 trillion annually in loans and grants for development. If TRA hits its projection of TZS 32 trillion, it will collect 4–5 times more than what donors give — effectively making domestic revenue the main engine for development.

💡 Tanzania is shifting from aid-dependence to self-driven development — a major policy milestone.

5. Trust, Technology, and Taxpayer Engagement Are Working

TRA’s success is also due to:

• Better use of digital systems (TANCIS, EFDs, IDRAS),
• Weekend and Thursday services,
• Listening to taxpayers and improving relationships.

💡 People are paying taxes more willingly — which is critical for long-term sustainability.

✅ Final Takeaway:

This data tells us that Tanzania is building a self-reliant economy, and TRA is the cornerstone of that transformation. With good leadership, effective systems, and strong taxpayer engagement, domestic revenue is proving to be more stable and sustainable than foreign aid or debt.

As of February 2025, Tanzania’s external debt stock reached USD 31.31 billion, reflecting a monthly increase of USD 393.4 million (1.3%). The central government accounts for 79.7% of the total, highlighting its leading role in borrowing to fund infrastructure and social projects. Funds are mainly allocated to transport and telecommunications (21.6%), education and social welfare (16.3%), and energy and mining (13.7%). However, with 65.8% of the debt denominated in US dollars, the country remains exposed to exchange rate volatility, necessitating prudent fiscal and monetary management.

Tanzania’s debt development, Tanzania’s Monthly Economic Review – March 2025, focusing on external debt.

Tanzania Debt Development (as of February 2025)

1. Total External Debt Stock

• Total External Debt Stock (Public and Private):
  ➤ USD 31,312.8 million (USD 31.31 billion)
• Month-to-Month Change:
  ➤ An increase of USD 393.4 million (1.3%) compared to January 2025.
• Reason for Increase:
  ➤ Mainly due to new disbursements and exchange rate valuation effects.

2. External Debt Stock by Borrower

Key Insight:
The Central Government holds the majority share of external debt, nearly 80%, showing that debt is primarily used to finance public infrastructure and development projects.

3. Disbursed Outstanding Debt by User of Funds

Key Insight:
The largest portion of external debt is invested in transport, telecom, education, and energy, which are strategic sectors for long-term development.

4. Debt by Currency Composition

Key Insight:
The dominance of the US Dollar (nearly 66%) exposes Tanzania to foreign exchange risk if the dollar strengthens further. However, diversification into other currencies like the Euro, Yuan, and Yen offers some buffer.

Summary:

• Tanzania’s external debt stock reached USD 31.31 billion in February 2025.
• 79.7% of it is held by the central government.
• Major debt usage goes to transport, education, energy, and finance.
• USD remains the dominant currency (65.8%), increasing exposure to exchange rate movements.

Tanzania’s external debt development tells us:

What the Figures Tell Us

1. Heavy Reliance on External Financing
   With USD 31.31 billion in total external debt, Tanzania continues to rely significantly on foreign borrowing, especially from multilateral and bilateral sources, to fund its development agenda.
2. Government is the Main Borrower
   The central government holds nearly 80% of the external debt. This indicates that most of the borrowing is channeled into large-scale public projects like infrastructure, energy, and social services—reflecting the government's role in driving economic development.
3. Strategic Allocation of Debt
   A large share of disbursed debt is used in productive sectors:
   • Transport and telecom (21.6%)
   • Social welfare and education (16.3%)
   • Energy and mining (13.7%)
     This shows a development-oriented borrowing strategy, aiming to boost long-term economic productivity.
4. Vulnerability to Exchange Rate Risk
   Since 65.8% of the debt is denominated in US dollars, any strengthening of the dollar could raise the cost of debt servicing. This makes exchange rate management critical for debt sustainability.
5. Gradual but Steady Growth in Debt Stock
   The month-on-month increase of USD 393.4 million (1.3%) suggests a controlled growth in borrowing, possibly linked to disbursements for ongoing projects and valuation changes.

🧠 Bottom Line: Tanzania’s external debt is focused on development, government-driven, and largely USD-denominated, which helps fund national priorities but also requires careful debt and currency risk management to remain sustainable.