The "Tanzania Investment Centre Quarterly Bulletin January to March 2025" highlights a remarkable 71% increase in registered investment projects from 2023 to 2024, with the number of projects rising from 526 in 2023 to 901 in 2024. This surge, described as making 2024 the "best year ever" for investment in Tanzania since the TIC’s establishment in 1997, has significantly driven economic growth by boosting job creation, increasing capital inflows, and fostering sectoral diversification. Below, TICGL analyze the impact on economic growth, focusing on job creation and capital inflow, using figures from the bulletin.

1. Job Creation

The 71% increase in registered projects has led to a record-breaking number of jobs, significantly contributing to Tanzania’s economic growth by enhancing employment, household incomes, and domestic consumption.

• Total Jobs Created in 2024: The 901 registered projects in 2024 are expected to generate 212,293 jobs, a substantial increase compared to previous years, though specific job figures for 2023 are not provided in the document. This number is described as the highest in TIC’s history, underscoring the scale of employment impact.
• Q3 2024/25 Specifics: In Q3 2024/25 alone, 199 projects were registered, expected to create 24,444 jobs. This includes 9 expansion projects generating 1,542 jobs, indicating that the momentum from 2024’s project surge continued into the third quarter.
• Sectoral Job Contributions:
  • Manufacturing: Despite a slight decrease in project numbers, manufacturing saw a 45.87% increase in capital, contributing high-skill jobs. The Kibaha Textile Special Economic Zone (SEZ) alone is expected to create 38,400 jobs with a capital investment of USD 78.85 million.
  • Agriculture: Projects like the Bugwema Irrigation Scheme (USD 14.89 million) are projected to create over 2,500 household jobs, while the Mkulazi Agricultural City (USD 570 million, 30,000 hectares) supports large-scale job creation.
  • Economic Infrastructure: The East Africa Commercial & Logistics Center (EACLC) in Ubungo, Dar es Salaam (USD 200 million+), is expected to create numerous jobs across trade, logistics, and services.
• Economic Impact: The creation of 212,293 jobs in 2024 reduces unemployment, increases household purchasing power, and boosts tax revenues, which fuel public investments in infrastructure and services. For context, Tanzania’s GDP growth is partly driven by increased labor force participation, with employment in diverse sectors like manufacturing and agriculture reducing reliance on informal jobs. The bulletin’s emphasis on projects like the Vikapu Bomba initiative, empowering over 300 rural women in Iringa and Njombe, highlights inclusive growth, further amplifying economic benefits.

2. Capital Inflow

The 71% increase in projects has significantly boosted capital inflows, providing the financial resources needed for infrastructure, industrial expansion, and economic diversification.

• Capital Inflow in Q3 2024/25: The bulletin reports a 46.72% increase in capital inflow in Q3 2024/25, reaching USD 2,164.7 million compared to USD 1,475.43 million in Q3 2023/24, an absolute increase of USD 689.27 million. While this figure is specific to Q3, it reflects the broader trend of increased investment activity driven by the 901 projects registered in 2024.
• Domestic Investment Surge: Domestic projects increased by 74%, from 182 in 2023 to 321 in 2024, spurred by the National Investment Campaign and a reduced investment threshold of USD 50,000 for domestic investors. This contributed significantly to capital inflows, as locally owned projects (66 in Q3 2024/25) and joint ventures (39, up 62.5% from 24 in Q3 2023/24) added to the capital pool.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): The bulletin notes 94 foreign-owned projects in Q3 2024/25, supported by 73 inbound missions from countries like China, India, and Japan. For example, Chinese investments in manufacturing (e.g., motorcycle assembly, tea processing) and India’s focus on clean energy have driven significant capital inflows.
• Key Projects:
  • EACLC: Over USD 200 million invested in a logistics and trade hub, positioning Tanzania as a regional trade leader.
  • Mkulazi Agricultural City: USD 570 million for agricultural modernization.
  • Kibaha Textile SEZ: USD 78.85 million for industrial growth.
  • Expansion Projects: USD 100.09 million for 9 expansion projects in Q3 2024/25.
• Economic Impact: The increased capital inflow supports infrastructure development, such as the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) in Morogoro, which enhances trade connectivity, and digital platforms like the Tanzania Electronic Investment Window (TeIW), which streamlines investment processes. These investments drive GDP growth by funding productive sectors, with the 46.72% capital increase signaling Tanzania’s attractiveness as an investment destination.

3. Broader Economic Growth Impacts

• Sectoral Diversification: The 901 projects span agriculture, manufacturing, energy, infrastructure, and services, reducing reliance on traditional sectors like mining. For instance, manufacturing’s 45.87% capital increase and agriculture’s modernization through projects like Usariver SEZ diversify Tanzania’s economic base, enhancing resilience.
• Regional Development: Figure shows 73 projects in Dar es Salaam, 48 in Pwani, and 16 in Arusha, promoting balanced growth across regions. The new TIC office in Njombe further decentralizes investment services, boosting regional economies.
• Policy Reforms: The Tanzania Investment and Special Economic Zones Authority Act (2025) and the 2023 Land Policy have facilitated the project surge by improving the investment climate. The lower domestic investment threshold (USD 50,000) and land access for non-citizens have attracted both local and foreign capital.
• Global Integration: Participation in the Belt & Road Initiative via projects like the EACLC and events like the Tanzania-Japan Trade and Investment Forum enhance Tanzania’s role in global trade, driving export-led growth.

Conclusion

The 71% increase in registered investment projects from 526 in 2023 to 901 in 2024 has profoundly impacted Tanzania’s economic growth by creating 212,293 jobs and driving a 46.72% capital inflow increase to USD 2,164.7 million in Q3 2024/25. Job creation has reduced unemployment, increased household incomes, and stimulated consumption, while capital inflows have funded transformative projects like the EACLC (USD 200 million+), Kibaha Textile SEZ (USD 78.85 million), and Mkulazi Agricultural City (USD 570 million). These investments, supported by reforms like the 2023 Land Policy and TISEZA Act, have diversified Tanzania’s economy across agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure, positioning it as a regional economic powerhouse. The regional spread of projects and inclusive initiatives like Vikapu Bomba further ensure equitable growth, enhancing Tanzania’s economic resilience and global competitiveness.

The "Tanzania Investment Centre Quarterly Bulletin January to March 2025" reports that in Q3 2024/25, Dar es Salaam attracted 73 projects, Pwani 48 projects, and Arusha 16 projects, as part of the 199 total investment projects registered nationwide. This distribution, with significant investments in both urban and less urbanized regions, contributes to balanced economic development across Tanzania by promoting job creation, capital inflow, infrastructure development, and sectoral diversification in multiple regions. Below, TICGL analyze how this regional spread fosters equitable economic growth, using figures from the bulletin.

1. Overview of Regional Investment Distribution

• Total Projects in Q3 2024/25: 199 projects, generating USD 2,164.7 million in capital inflow (46.72% increase from USD 1,475.43 million in Q3 2023/24) and 24,444 jobs.
• Key Regions (Page 21, Figure 4.4):
  • Dar es Salaam: 73 projects (36.7% of total projects).
  • Pwani: 48 projects (24.1% of total projects).
  • Arusha: 16 projects (8.0% of total projects).
  • Other Regions: The remaining 62 projects (31.2%) are distributed across other regions, though specific counts for other regions are not detailed in the text but implied in Figure.
• Investment Types: The 199 projects include 94 foreign-owned, 66 locally owned, and 39 joint ventures, indicating diverse investment sources across regions.

This distribution shows a concentration in Dar es Salaam, the economic hub, but also significant activity in Pwani and Arusha, suggesting efforts to spread economic opportunities beyond the capital.

2. Contribution to Balanced Economic Development

Balanced economic development involves reducing regional disparities, ensuring equitable access to economic opportunities, and fostering growth in both urban and rural areas. The distribution of projects in Dar es Salaam, Pwani, and Arusha contributes to this goal as follows:

a. Dar es Salaam (73 Projects)

• Economic Role: As Tanzania’s commercial capital, Dar es Salaam is a hub for trade, logistics, and services. Its 73 projects reflect its attractiveness to investors due to infrastructure like the Dar es Salaam Port and urban markets.
• Key Projects and Figures:
  • East Africa Commercial & Logistics Center (EACLC): Investment exceeding USD 200 million, creating jobs in trade, logistics, and services. The EACLC, with 75,000 square meters, enhances Tanzania’s role as a regional trade hub.
  • Capital Contribution: Dar es Salaam’s high project count likely accounts for a significant portion of the USD 2,164.7 million capital inflow, though region-specific capital is not isolated in the document.
  • Job Creation: The 73 projects contribute substantially to the 24,444 jobs in Q3 2024/25. For example, service and manufacturing projects in Dar es Salaam, such as those from Chinese investors (e.g., motorcycle assembly), create high-skill jobs.
• Impact on Balanced Development:
  • Dar es Salaam’s investments drive national economic growth by attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and supporting infrastructure like the EACLC, which benefits other regions through improved trade networks.
  • The concentration of projects ensures economies of scale in the urban center, generating tax revenues that can be redistributed to less developed regions.
  • However, over-reliance on Dar es Salaam could exacerbate urban-rural disparities, making investments in other regions critical for balance.

b. Pwani (48 Projects)

• Economic Role: Pwani, a coastal region near Dar es Salaam, is emerging as an industrial and agricultural hub, benefiting from proximity to the port and infrastructure like the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR).
• Key Projects and Figures:
  • Kibaha Textile Special Economic Zone (SEZ): Investment of USD 78.85 million, expected to create 38,400 jobs. This project boosts textile manufacturing and exports.
  • Agricultural Investments: Pwani’s projects include agricultural initiatives, contributing to the sector’s increased project numbers and jobs.
  • Job Contribution: Pwani’s 48 projects significantly add to the 24,444 jobs, with the Kibaha SEZ alone accounting for a substantial share.
• Impact on Balanced Development:
  • Pwani’s high project count (second only to Dar es Salaam) indicates growing investment in a semi-urban region, reducing pressure on Dar es Salaam and spreading economic activity.
  • The Kibaha SEZ creates thousands of jobs, particularly for local communities, enhancing household incomes and reducing regional poverty.
  • Investments in Pwani strengthen regional connectivity, as the SGR and port access facilitate trade, benefiting neighboring regions like Morogoro.

c. Arusha (16 Projects)

• Economic Role: Arusha, a northern region, is a tourism and agricultural hub, known for its proximity to national parks and horticulture potential.
• Key Projects and Figures:
  • Usariver Agricultural SEZ: A 209-acre project focused on horticulture, aimed at boosting export earnings. While specific capital figures are not provided, it aligns with agriculture’s increased capital in Q3 2024/25.
  • Tourism Investments: Arusha’s projects include service sector investments, supported by inbound missions like Poland’s tourism focus (January 16, 2025).
  • Job Contribution: Arusha’s 16 projects contribute to the 24,444 jobs, with tourism and agriculture creating both direct and indirect employment.
• Impact on Balanced Development:
  • Arusha’s investments promote economic activity in a non-coastal, northern region, reducing geographic disparities.
  • The Usariver SEZ enhances export-oriented agriculture, increasing foreign exchange earnings and supporting rural economies.
  • Tourism projects leverage Arusha’s natural assets, creating jobs for local communities and fostering sustainable growth.

d. Other Regions

• Distribution: The remaining 62 projects (31.2% of 199) are spread across other regions, though specific regions are not detailed. Examples include:
  • Morogoro: Benefits from the SGR and projects like the Mkulazi Agricultural City (USD 570 million, 30,000 hectares).
  • Njombe: Supported by a new TIC office serving the Nyasa Zone and initiatives like Vikapu Bomba, empowering 300+ rural women.
  • Geita: Hosts projects like the Lech Company Limited honey processing initiative.
• Impact on Balanced Development:
  • Investments in regions like Morogoro and Njombe ensure rural areas benefit from economic growth, addressing urban-rural disparities.
  • The TIC office in Njombe decentralizes investment services, making it easier for investors to operate in southern regions, fostering regional equity.
  • Small-scale projects like Vikapu Bomba and Lech Company enhance inclusive growth, particularly for women and rural communities.

3. Mechanisms Supporting Balanced Development

• Policy Reforms: The Tanzania Investment and Special Economic Zones Authority Act (2025) and the 2023 Land Policy facilitate investments across regions by improving land access and streamlining permits. The Tanzania Electronic Investment Window (TeIW) ensures equitable access to investment processes nationwide.
• Infrastructure Connectivity: The SGR and EACLC (Page 3) connect Dar es Salaam, Pwani, and Morogoro, enabling other regions to benefit from urban investments through improved trade routes.
• Regional TIC Offices: The Njombe office and plans for further decentralization bring investment services closer to rural investors, encouraging projects in underserved areas.
• Sectoral Diversification: Figure shows increased projects in agriculture, manufacturing, and services across regions, ensuring diverse economic activities. For example, Pwani’s manufacturing (Kibaha SEZ) and Arusha’s agriculture (Usariver SEZ) complement Dar es Salaam’s trade focus.

4. Quantitative Impact

• Capital Inflow: The USD 2,164.7 million in Q3 2024/25 is distributed across regions, with Dar es Salaam’s 73 projects likely attracting the largest share due to projects like the EACLC (USD 200 million+). Pwani’s 48 projects, including Kibaha SEZ (USD 78.85 million), and Arusha’s 16 projects add to this total.
• Job Creation: The 24,444 jobs are spread across regions, with Pwani’s Kibaha SEZ (38,400 jobs) and Arusha’s Usariver SEZ contributing significantly. Dar es Salaam’s service and manufacturing projects further boost employment.
• Project Distribution: The 73, 48, and 16 projects in Dar es Salaam, Pwani, and Arusha, respectively, account for 68.8% of the 199 projects, with the remaining 31.2% ensuring other regions are not neglected.
• Annual Context: In 2024, 901 projects created 212,293 jobs, with regional distribution (e.g., Morogoro, Njombe) amplifying the impact of Q3’s 199 projects.

5. Challenges and Opportunities

• Challenges: Dar es Salaam’s dominance (36.7% of projects) could lead to urban congestion, requiring more incentives for rural investments. Regions with fewer projects (e.g., beyond the top three) need targeted promotion.
• Opportunities: The TIC’s regional expansion and projects like Mkulazi in Morogoro can further balance growth. Inclusive initiatives like Vikapu Bomba ensure marginalized groups benefit, enhancing social equity.

Conclusion

The regional distribution of 73 projects in Dar es Salaam, 48 in Pwani, and 16 in Arusha in Q3 2024/25, alongside 62 projects in other regions, contributes to balanced economic development by spreading investment, jobs, and infrastructure across Tanzania. Dar es Salaam’s EACLC (USD 200 million+) drives national trade, Pwani’s Kibaha SEZ (USD 78.85 million, 38,400 jobs) boosts industrial growth, and Arusha’s Usariver SEZ enhances agricultural exports. Other regions like Morogoro (Mkulazi, USD 570 million) and Njombe (Vikapu Bomba, 300+ women) ensure rural inclusion. Supported by reforms like the TISEZA Act and infrastructure like the SGR, this distribution reduces regional disparities, creates 24,444 jobs, and leverages USD 2,164.7 million in capital, fostering equitable and sustainable economic growth across Tanzania.

The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election, launched on May 30, 2025, aims to transform Tanzania’s economy by 2030 through ambitious targets like creating 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar, constructing a 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway, and boosting per capita income. Building on past successes, such as a 44% increase in irrigated farmland (681,383 to 983,466 hectares) from 2020–2024 and 304 investment projects worth USD 3.74 billion in Zanzibar from 2015–2020, the manifesto leverages Tanzania’s 5.3% GDP growth in 2023 and projected 6% in 2025. However, with public debt at 41.1% of GDP in 2024 and ambiguous targets like 300,000 units for the blue economy, its realism hinges on addressing funding gaps and structural challenges to achieve inclusive growth.

1. Overview of the CCM Manifesto 2025–2030

The CCM Manifesto, launched on May 30, 2025, outlines nine strategic priorities, including economic transformation, job creation, infrastructure development, and inclusive growth. Key economic targets include:

• Creating 350,000 new jobs in Zanzibar by 2030.
• Increasing per capita income in Zanzibar (in USD, not quantified) and enhancing trade and industrial contributions to GDP.
• Promoting investment through infrastructure projects like the 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway and Bagamoyo port.
• Advancing the blue economy in Zanzibar, targeting a contribution of 300,000 units (jobs or output, unclear) by 2030.
• Training 2,500 cooperative societies in Zanzibar to boost productivity.
• Providing affordable loans, such as two cows per youth annually in Zanzibar.

These targets build on the 2020–2025 manifesto’s achievements, such as increasing irrigated farmland from 681,383 to 983,466 hectares (+44%) and food security from 114% to 128%. The manifesto aligns with NDV 2050’s goal of achieving a USD 1 trillion GDP and USD 12,000 per capita GDP by 2050, requiring over 8% annual growth.

2. Current Economic Situation (as of May 31, 2025)

Tanzania’s economy is a lower-middle-income economy with a GDP per capita of USD 1,149 in 2024. Key economic indicators include:

• GDP Growth: Real GDP grew by 5.3% in 2023, driven by agriculture, construction, and manufacturing, and is projected at 5.6%–5.7% for 2024 and 6% for 2025. Zanzibar’s GDP growth was stronger at 7% in 2024 and is projected at 6.8% in 2025.
• Inflation: Inflation remained low at 3.8% in 2023, projected to decline to 3.3% in 2024 and rise slightly to 3.4% in 2025, supported by stable food and energy prices. In March 2025, inflation was 3.3%, with food inflation at 5.4%.
• Public Debt: Public debt is at 41.1% of GDP in 2024, posing a moderate risk, with foreign exchange shortages noted as a challenge to growth.
• FDI and Trade: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is growing, with 304 investment projects worth USD 3.74 billion in Zanzibar from 2015–2020, creating 16,866 jobs. Recent agreements, such as the Tanzania–Czech Republic Double Taxation Agreement and the Tanzania–UAE Business Council, aim to boost investment in manufacturing and technology.
• Poverty and Employment: The national poverty rate fell from 34.4% in 2007 to 26.4% in 2018, and extreme poverty dropped from 12% to 8%. However, youth unemployment remains a concern, with the private sector employing 70% of youth.

The economy benefits from stable macroeconomic conditions and a reputation for peace, attracting FDI in mining, energy, and tourism. However, challenges include a narrow tax base, foreign exchange shortages, and slow structural transformation, with reliance on low-productivity sectors like subsistence agriculture.

3. Historical Economic Performance

Historical data provides context for assessing the manifesto’s realism:

• GDP Growth: Tanzania has sustained an average GDP growth of 5.5% over the past decade, making it one of Africa’s fastest-growing economies. From 2019 to 2020, real GDP grew by 4.8%, reaching USD 89.5 billion. Zanzibar’s per capita income rose from TZS 942,000 in 2010 to TZS 2,323,000 in 2018.
• Job Creation: The 2020–2025 manifesto targeted 8 million new jobs nationally, with industrial jobs increasing from 306,180 in 2020 to 500,000 by 2025. Zanzibar’s 2015–2020 investments created 16,866 jobs.
• Agricultural Transformation: Irrigated land expanded by 44% (681,383 to 983,466 hectares) from 2020–2024, and food security improved from 114% to 128% (Page 13). The 2022/23 budget allocated TZS 954 billion to agriculture, aiming for 10% sectoral growth by 2030.
• Infrastructure: Past achievements include progress on the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) and port upgrades, with a goal to increase electricity capacity to 10,000 MW by 2025.

These achievements suggest CCM’s capacity to deliver on economic promises, but slow poverty reduction (26.4% in 2018) and reliance on public investment indicate challenges in achieving inclusive growth.

4. Realism of the Manifesto’s Economic Proposals

To evaluate the manifesto’s realism, we assess its key proposals against current conditions, historical trends, and feasibility:

a. Job Creation (350,000 Jobs in Zanzibar, Potential 8.5 Million Nationally)

• Realism: The target of 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar by 2030 is ambitious but plausible, given past performance (16,866 jobs from 2015–2020 investments). Zanzibar’s focus on tourism (targeting 5 million tourists by 2025, generating USD 6 billion) and the blue economy (300,000 units contribution) supports job creation in high-potential sectors. Nationally, an unconfirmed X post suggests a target of 8.5 million jobs, building on the 2020–2025 goal of 8 million. Achieving this requires scaling private sector-driven growth, as 70% of youth are already employed by the private sector.
• Challenges: Youth unemployment remains high, and the manifesto lacks specific national job targets. Structural transformation from low-productivity sectors like subsistence agriculture (25% of GDP) to industry and services is slow. External risks, such as foreign exchange shortages, could limit private sector investment.
• Support: Initiatives like training 2,500 cooperatives and providing livestock loans (two cows per youth annually) in Zanzibar enhance employability and income generation. Recent agreements with the UAE and Czech Republic signal continued FDI growth.

b. Investment Projects

• Realism: The manifesto’s focus on infrastructure (e.g., 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway, Bagamoyo port) and the blue economy (Mangapwani port) is likely to attract FDI, building on Zanzibar’s USD 3.74 billion from 2015–2020. Tanzania’s stable growth (5.5% average over 10 years) and strategic location make it a regional FDI hub. Projects like the USD 1.4 billion Tanzania–Zambia railway upgrade and the Kabanga Nickel Project underscore investor confidence.
• Challenges: Funding for large-scale projects is unclear, and public debt (41.1% of GDP) could strain resources. Regulatory challenges, such as land tenure and transparency, deter some investors.
• Support: The manifesto’s alignment with NDV 2050 and recent economic diplomacy (e.g., Tanzania–Mozambique Joint Economic Commission) strengthens the investment climate.

c. Per Capita Income

• Realism: The manifesto’s goal to increase Zanzibar’s per capita income builds on a rise from TZS 942,000 in 2010 to TZS 2,323,000 in 2018. Nationally, GDP per capita grew from USD 981 to USD 1,218 between 2015 and 2021. Initiatives like cooperative training and youth loans (Pages 58) could boost household incomes, particularly in rural areas (70% of the population).
• Challenges: The lack of a quantified target for per capita income limits measurability. Poverty reduction has been slow (26.4% in 2018), and income inequality persists.
• Support: The 35.1% minimum wage increase for public servants (from TZS 370,000 to TZS 500,000 in 2025) reflects efforts to improve incomes.

d. GDP Growth

• Realism: The manifesto does not specify 2030 GDP growth targets but aligns with external projections of 6% for Tanzania and 6.8% for Zanzibar in 2025. Achieving NDV 2050’s 8%+ annual growth requires sustained investment in agriculture (targeting 10% sectoral growth by 2030) and industry. Historical growth (5.3% in 2023, 4.8% in 2020) supports the feasibility of mid-term targets.
• Challenges: Geopolitical tensions, climate shocks, and a narrow tax base could hinder growth. The manifesto’s reliance on public investment may not sufficiently drive private sector-led growth, as noted by the World Bank.
• Support: Agricultural investments (TZS 954 billion in 2022/23) and tourism growth (18% of GDP) provide a strong foundation.

5. Critical Evaluation of Realism

The manifesto’s economic proposals are realistic in several respects:

• Track Record: CCM’s 2020–2025 achievements, such as irrigation expansion (+44%) and food security gains (128% sufficiency), demonstrate implementation capacity. Zanzibar’s historical FDI (USD 3.74 billion, 16,866 jobs) supports the feasibility of investment-driven growth.
• Policy Continuity: The manifesto builds on existing frameworks like FYDP III and NDV 2050, leveraging Tanzania’s stable growth (5.5% average) and low inflation (3.3% in 2025).
• Sectoral Focus: Prioritizing agriculture, tourism, and the blue economy aligns with Tanzania’s economic strengths (agriculture: 25% of GDP; tourism: 18%).

However, challenges threaten realism:

• Ambiguity: Targets like 300,000 units for the blue economy and per capita income increases lack clarity, complicating monitoring.
• Funding Gaps: Large-scale projects (e.g., 1,108-km railway) require significant funding, and public debt (41.1% of GDP) could limit resources.
• Structural Barriers: Slow structural transformation and reliance on subsistence agriculture (25% of GDP) hinder inclusive growth. Youth unemployment and regulatory challenges (e.g., land tenure) persist.
• External Risks: Foreign exchange shortages and geopolitical tensions could disrupt FDI and growth.

6. Conclusion

The CCM Manifesto for 2025 has the potential to drive economic transformation by 2030, but its success will depend on effective implementation and addressing challenges. The manifesto’s targets, such as creating 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar and infrastructure projects like the 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway, are supported by historical achievements (e.g., 16,866 jobs from USD 3.74 billion in Zanzibar investments) and current growth projections (6% for Tanzania, 6.8% for Zanzibar in 2025). Initiatives like training 2,500 cooperatives and boosting agricultural investment (TZS 954 billion in 2022/23) promote inclusive growth. However, vague targets, funding uncertainties, and structural issues, such as slow economic transformation and a public debt of 41.1% of GDP, demand careful management. With Tanzania’s stable growth (5.5% average) and strategic reforms, the manifesto holds realistic potential to achieve economic change by 2030, provided implementation is strong and external risks are mitigated.

Key figures related to the economic proposals in the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election, launched on May 30, 2025, as requested in the question about its realism in bringing economic change to Tanzania by 2030. The table focuses on job creation, investment, per capita income, GDP growth, and related metrics, incorporating figures from the manifesto and relevant external sources to reflect the current economic situation (as of May 31, 2025, 11:05 AM EAT) and historical data. The figures are selected to assess the manifesto’s potential to drive economic transformation.

Notes:

1. Scope: The table includes key figures from the manifesto (e.g., 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar, 1,108-km railway) and external sources (e.g., 6% GDP growth for Tanzania in 2025, 3.3% inflation in March 2025) to evaluate the manifesto’s realism in driving economic change by 2030. Historical data (e.g., 304 investment projects worth USD 3.74 billion, 44% irrigation growth) provides context for feasibility.
2. Zanzibar Focus: The manifesto provides specific targets for Zanzibar, such as 350,000 jobs and 2,500 cooperatives, but lacks quantified national targets for per capita income and GDP growth, supplemented by external projections.
3. Ambiguity: The “300,000” figure for the blue economy lacks clear units (jobs or output), and per capita income targets are qualitative. National job creation targets (e.g., 8.5 million) are mentioned in external sources but not confirmed in the manifesto.
4. Current Context: As of May 31, 2025, 11:05 AM EAT, Tanzania’s stable growth (5.3% in 2023, 6% projected for 2025) and low inflation (3.3%) support the manifesto’s feasibility, though challenges like public debt (41.1% of GDP) and foreign exchange shortages persist.
5. Alignment with NDV 2050: The figures align with NDV 2050’s goals of achieving over 8% annual GDP growth, with manifesto initiatives like infrastructure and job creation supporting prosperity and inclusivity.

The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election presents a robust plan to strengthen Tanzania’s economy, ensuring it is inclusive, competitive, and sustainable, in alignment with the National Development Vision 2050. With a focus on economic empowerment, the manifesto targets the creation of 350,000 new jobs in Zanzibar by 2030, building on past achievements like a 44% increase in irrigated farmland (from 681,383 to 983,466 hectares) and a rise in food security from 114% to 128% between 2020 and 2024. By promoting private sector investment, advancing the blue economy, and providing affordable loans to youth and cooperatives (e.g., training 2,500 cooperatives in Zanzibar), CCM aims to foster equitable growth. Infrastructure projects, such as the 341-km Mwanza–Isaka Standard Gauge Railway, enhance competitiveness, while sustainable initiatives like national food and fuel reserves ensure long-term stability, aligning with NDV 2050’s vision of a prosperous and self-reliant Tanzania.

Strengthening the Economy: Key Strategies

The CCM Manifesto prioritizes building a robust, inclusive, and competitive economy through targeted interventions across various sectors. The document highlights the following strategies:

• Economic Growth Targets: The manifesto aims to increase Tanzania’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and per capita income. For Zanzibar, it specifically targets an increase in per capita income in US dollars by 2030. While exact figures for per capita income growth are not specified, the manifesto emphasizes annual GDP growth, with Zanzibar’s economy projected to grow through sectors like the blue economy, industry, agriculture, and services.
• Investment Promotion: The manifesto commits to increasing investment projects to boost economic output. This includes attracting private sector investments in key sectors such as the blue economy, industry, and agriculture, with a specific focus on Zanzibar’s trade value enhancement and industrial contribution to GDP.
• Inflation Control: To ensure economic stability, the manifesto pledges to reduce inflation rates annually, particularly in Zanzibar, to maintain affordability and enhance purchasing power. This is critical for inclusivity, ensuring that economic growth benefits all citizens, including low-income groups.
• Job Creation: The manifesto sets a target of creating at least 350,000 new jobs in Zanzibar by 2030, spanning both formal and informal sectors. This focus on employment aims to empower youth and reduce unemployment, fostering inclusive growth.
• Agricultural Productivity: The manifesto highlights past achievements (2020–2024) and future plans to enhance agricultural output. For instance, irrigated farmland increased from 681,383 hectares in 2020 to 983,466 hectares in 2024, and food security improved from 114% to 128% sufficiency over the same period. Future plans include expanding irrigation and fertilizer use to sustain food security and boost exports.
• Blue Economy and Industrial Growth: In Zanzibar, the manifesto emphasizes the blue economy, targeting a contribution of 300,000 units (likely economic output or jobs, though units are unclear due to repetition in the document) by 2030. It also aims to increase the industrial sector’s contribution to GDP.

Inclusivity in Economic Growth

Inclusivity is a core pillar of the manifesto, ensuring that economic benefits reach all segments of society, particularly marginalized groups such as youth, women, and low-income communities. Key initiatives include:

• Economic Empowerment through Loans and Technology: The manifesto pledges to provide affordable loans and promote technology adoption to enhance economic participation (Page 56). For example, in Zanzibar, it plans to offer loans for livestock (e.g., two cows per youth per region annually) to boost income-generating activities.
• Support for Cooperatives and Training: The manifesto commits to training cooperative societies to improve their productivity and market access, with a target of supporting 2,500 cooperatives in Zanzibar. This empowers small-scale producers and entrepreneurs, ensuring broader economic participation.
• Job Opportunities for Youth: The focus on creating 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar by 2030 targets youth, a demographic critical to inclusive growth. The manifesto also plans to enhance employability through skill-building programs for graduates and private sector partnerships.
• Digital Transformation: By promoting digital technologies, such as e-governance and digital content for cultural products, the manifesto aims to expand economic opportunities in rural areas and for youth, ensuring access to information and markets.

Competitiveness and Sustainability

The manifesto emphasizes competitiveness and sustainability to ensure long-term economic resilience:

• Competitiveness through Infrastructure and Technology: Investments in modern infrastructure, such as the Standard Gauge Railway (e.g., Mwanza–Isaka, 341 km; Tabora–Kigoma, 506 km) and new ports like Bagamoyo, aim to enhance trade and connectivity, making Tanzania’s economy more competitive regionally and globally. The manifesto also promotes emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and satellites to improve productivity.
• Sustainable Economic Practices: The manifesto prioritizes sustainable sectors like the blue economy and green initiatives, such as planting trees to create a “green Zanzibar”. It also plans to establish a national food reserve and a fuel reserve in Zanzibar to mitigate price fluctuations and ensure resource availability.
• Private Sector Collaboration: The manifesto encourages private sector investment in key industries, such as the blue economy and manufacturing, to drive sustainable growth. This reduces reliance on public funding and fosters economic resilience.

Alignment with National Development Vision 2050

The NDV 2050 envisions a Tanzania that is prosperous, equitable, and self-reliant, with a strong economy, social equity, and sustainable development. The CCM Manifesto aligns with these goals as follows:

• Prosperity and Economic Growth: The manifesto’s focus on GDP growth, investment promotion, and job creation (e.g., 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar) directly supports NDV 2050’s goal of a prosperous economy. The emphasis on sectors like agriculture (e.g., irrigation expansion from 681,383 to 983,466 hectares) and the blue economy aligns with the vision’s aim to diversify economic activities.
• Equity and Inclusivity: NDV 2050 prioritizes equitable development, which the manifesto addresses through affordable loans, cooperative training, and youth employment initiatives. The commitment to empower marginalized groups, such as youth and women, ensures that economic growth benefits all citizens, aligning with the vision’s social equity objectives.
• Sustainability: The manifesto’s focus on sustainable practices, such as the blue economy, green initiatives, and food and fuel reserves, mirrors NDV 2050’s emphasis on sustainable development. Investments in renewable energy, like large-scale gas storage in Zanzibar, further support environmental sustainability.
• Self-Reliance: By promoting local production (e.g., clove and coconut production in Zanzibar) and reducing import dependency through food security measures (128% sufficiency in 2024), the manifesto supports NDV 2050’s goal of self-reliance.

Figures Supporting Economic Strategies

The manifesto provides specific figures to illustrate past achievements and future targets:

• Agricultural Growth: Irrigated land increased by 44% (from 681,383 to 983,466 hectares) between 2020 and 2024, and food security rose from 114% to 128% sufficiency.
• Job Creation: A target of 350,000 new jobs in Zanzibar by 2030, with specific initiatives like providing loans for two cows per youth annually.
• Infrastructure Development: Investments in railway projects (e.g., Mwanza–Isaka, 341 km) and port development (e.g., Bagamoyo) to enhance trade.
• Cooperative Support: Training for 2,500 cooperative societies in Zanzibar to boost productivity.
• Blue Economy: A target contribution of 300,000 units (likely economic output or jobs) by 2030 in Zanzibar.

Challenges and Considerations

While the manifesto’s strategies are ambitious, some challenges remain:

• Clarity of Targets: Some figures, such as the repeated “300,000” for the blue economy, lack clear units (e.g., jobs, economic output, or investment), which may complicate implementation and monitoring.
• Resource Mobilization: The manifesto does not detail funding sources for large-scale projects like railways and ports, which could strain public finances if private sector investment falls short.
• Regional Disparities: While Zanzibar-specific targets are clear, the manifesto could provide more detailed plans for equitable resource distribution across mainland Tanzania’s diverse regions.

Conclusion

The CCM Manifesto for 2025 proposes a multi-faceted approach to strengthen Tanzania’s economy by focusing on GDP growth, investment, job creation, and agricultural productivity, with specific targets like 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar and increased irrigated land (983,466 hectares by 2024). It ensures inclusivity through affordable loans, cooperative training, and youth empowerment, while promoting competitiveness via infrastructure and technology investments. Sustainability is addressed through the blue economy, green initiatives, and resource reserves. These strategies align closely with NDV 2050’s goals of prosperity, equity, and self-reliance, though clearer metrics and funding plans could enhance implementation. By building on past achievements (e.g., 44% irrigation growth, 128% food security), the manifesto lays a strong foundation for sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

Table summarizing key figures related to economic growth and inclusivity from the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election, as outlined in the provided document. These figures highlight past achievements (2020–2024) and future targets (2025–2030) to strengthen Tanzania’s economy, ensuring it is inclusive, competitive, and sustainable, with alignment to the National Development Vision 2050.

Notes:

1. Clarity of Figures: Some figures, such as the “300,000” for the blue economy, lack clear units (e.g., jobs, economic output, or investment), which may require further clarification for precise analysis.
2. Scope: The table focuses on economic growth and inclusivity metrics, with an emphasis on quantifiable data from the manifesto. Some targets (e.g., GDP and per capita income growth) are mentioned but not quantified with specific figures.
3. Zanzibar Focus: Many specific figures pertain to Zanzibar, reflecting the manifesto’s dedicated section for the region. Mainland Tanzania’s targets are less detailed in the provided document excerpt.
4. Alignment with NDV 2050: The figures support the manifesto’s alignment with NDV 2050 by targeting prosperity (e.g., GDP growth, job creation), equity (e.g., cooperative training, youth loans), and sustainability (e.g., blue economy, food security).

The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election outlines a transformative infrastructure agenda for 2025–2030, aimed at enhancing connectivity and driving economic activity across Tanzania’s urban and rural landscapes. Key projects include the 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway, 218-km Igawa–Uyole–Songwe–Tunduma road, and the new Bagamoyo port, alongside Zanzibar-specific initiatives like the 48-km Tunguu–Makunduchi road and Mangapwani port (Pages 49–50, 61, 68). Urban areas benefit from congestion-reducing flyovers in Dar es Salaam and Bus Rapid Transit expansions, while rural regions gain from paved roads and bridges, such as the 133.9-km Geita–Bukoli–Kahama road, ensuring year-round market access (Page 49). By investing in eight new aircraft for Air Tanzania and two new airports in Zanzibar (Page 51, 67), the manifesto fosters trade, tourism, and inclusive growth, aligning with the National Development Vision 2050’s goals of connectivity and prosperity.

Key Infrastructure Projects (2025–2030)

The manifesto details several major infrastructure projects across roads, railways, ports, maritime transport, and aviation, with specific attention to both mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. These projects are designed to improve connectivity, reduce transportation costs, and stimulate economic activity.

1. Roads and Bridges

• Regional and District Road Connectivity: The manifesto commits to connecting regional and district headquarters with paved roads to ensure all-weather accessibility. Specific projects include:
  • Construction of major regional roads, such as Igawa–Uyole–Songwe–Tunduma (218 km), Kibaoni–Majimoto–Inyonga (162 km), Tarime–Mugumu (87 km), Geita–Bukoli–Kahama (Busoka, 133.9 km), and Mabokweni–Maramba–Bombo Mtoni–Umba–Same (278 km).
  • Upgrading rural roads to ensure year-round accessibility, addressing rural connectivity challenges.
• Urban Flyovers in Dar es Salaam: To reduce urban congestion, the manifesto plans to construct flyovers at key junctions, including Morocco, Mwenge, Magomeni, and Tabata in Dar es Salaam.
• Bridge Construction: Ongoing bridge projects to be completed include Malagarasi Chini (Kigoma), Mkenda (Ruvuma), Godegode (Dodoma), Mzinga (Dar es Salaam), Simiyu (Mwanza), Nzali (Dodoma), Ugalla (Kigoma), Sanza (Singida), Mitomoni (Ruvuma), Malagarasi Juu (Kigoma), Mkundi (Morogoro), Pangani (Tanga), Kalebe (Kagera), and Mto Msimbazi at Jangwani (Dar es Salaam).
• Zanzibar Road Projects: Specific projects include Tunguu–Makunduchi (48 km), Fumba–Kisauni (12 km), Mkoani–Chake (43.5 km), and Nungwi Tourism Road (12 km), alongside additional feeder roads and urban roads to improve connectivity.

2. Railways

• Standard Gauge Railway (SGR): The manifesto prioritizes the expansion of the SGR network to enhance freight and passenger transport:
  • Mwanza–Isaka (341 km), Makutupora–Tabora (368 km), Tabora–Isaka (165 km), Tabora–Kigoma (506 km), and Uvinza–Musongati (156.6 km).
• Urban Metro Systems: Plans to develop modern metro rail systems in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma to reduce urban congestion and improve mobility.
• Tanga–Arusha–Musoma Railway: A new 1,108-km railway connecting Tanga Port to Arusha and Musoma, facilitating trade and regional integration.

3. Ports

• New Port Development: Construction of a new port at Bagamoyo to boost trade capacity.
• Port Upgrades: Improvements to existing ports in Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, Kigoma, Kalema, Musoma, and dry ports at Kurasini (Dar es Salaam), Kwala (Pwani), and Ihumwa (Dodoma).
• Zanzibar Port Development: Continued construction of an integrated port at Mangapwani to enhance maritime trade and tourism.

4. Maritime Transport

• Ferry and Cargo Ships: Rehabilitation of existing ships and construction of new cargo and passenger vessels for Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, Nyasa, and the Indian Ocean.
• Zanzibar Maritime Initiatives: Introduction of sea taxi services to improve transport for residents and tourists, alongside sustainable marine spatial planning and enhanced maritime security.

5. Aviation

• Air Tanzania Expansion: Purchase of eight new aircraft to strengthen Air Tanzania’s fleet, increasing connectivity.
• Zanzibar Airport Development: Expansion of Pemba Airport, including extending the runway and building a new passenger terminal, construction of Nungwi Airport, and development of Paje Airport for small passenger planes. The manifesto also targets an increase in annual flight frequency, though specific figures are not provided.

6. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

• Dar es Salaam BRT Expansion: Continuation of BRT Phases IV–VI, covering routes such as Ali Hassan Mwinyi–Morocco–Mwenge–Tegeta, Mandela from Ubungo to the port, Mandela/Tabata–Tabata Segerea, and Tabata–Kigogo, to improve urban public transport.

Addressing Urban and Rural Needs

Urban Areas

• Reducing Congestion: Flyovers in Dar es Salaam and metro rail systems in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma address urban traffic congestion, improving mobility for residents and businesses. The BRT expansion further enhances efficient public transport, reducing travel time and costs.
• Economic Hubs: Upgrading ports like Dar es Salaam and Tanga and building urban railways strengthen trade and logistics hubs, fostering economic activity in cities. The Mangapwani port in Zanzibar supports urban tourism and trade.
• Urban Accessibility: Zanzibar’s urban road projects (e.g., Nungwi Tourism Road, 12 km) and sea taxi services cater to urban residents and tourists, boosting local economies.

Rural Areas

• Improved Connectivity: Paved roads connecting regional and district headquarters (Page 48) and rural road upgrades ensure year-round access, linking rural farmers to markets and services. For example, the Geita–Bukoli–Kahama road (133.9 km) enhances rural trade routes.
• Agricultural Support: Bridge projects like Malagarasi Chini and Simiyu improve access to agricultural areas, reducing transport costs for farmers. The SGR network, such as Tabora–Kigoma (506 km), connects rural regions to urban markets and ports.
• Zanzibar Rural Access: Feeder roads and rural roads in Zanzibar improve access to remote areas, supporting small-scale farmers and businesses in regions like Pemba and Unguja.

Enhancing Connectivity and Economic Activity

• Connectivity: The SGR projects (e.g., 1,108 km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma) and road networks (e.g., 218 km Igawa–Tunduma) create seamless regional and cross-border connectivity, facilitating trade with neighboring countries. Ports and airports (e.g., Bagamoyo port, Pemba Airport expansion) enhance global trade links.
• Economic Activity: Infrastructure investments reduce transportation costs, improve market access, and attract private sector investment. For instance, the Bagamoyo port and SGR projects are expected to boost export capacity, while rural road upgrades enable farmers to sell produce efficiently. In Zanzibar, the Mangapwani port and sea taxis support tourism, a key economic driver.
• Inclusivity: By prioritizing rural road upgrades and feeder roads, the manifesto ensures that remote communities benefit from economic opportunities, aligning with the inclusive growth goals of NDV 2050. Urban projects like BRT and flyovers improve access to jobs and services for city residents.

Alignment with National Development Vision 2050

The NDV 2050 emphasizes modern infrastructure to drive economic growth, connectivity, and equitable development. The manifesto’s infrastructure projects align as follows:

• Economic Growth: Large-scale projects like the SGR and new ports support NDV 2050’s goal of a diversified, competitive economy by enhancing trade and logistics.
• Equitable Development: Rural road and bridge projects ensure that economic benefits reach underserved areas, promoting inclusivity.
• Sustainability: Investments in sustainable maritime planning and modern rail systems reduce environmental impact and align with NDV 2050’s focus on sustainable development.

Challenges and Considerations

• Funding Clarity: The manifesto does not specify funding sources for major projects like the 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway or Bagamoyo port, which may pose implementation challenges.
• Urban-Rural Balance: While rural connectivity is addressed, the manifesto’s urban focus (e.g., Dar es Salaam flyovers, BRT) is more detailed, potentially risking uneven development if rural projects lag.
• Maintenance: Long-term maintenance plans for infrastructure like bridges and railways are not detailed, which could affect sustainability.

Conclusion

The CCM Manifesto for 2025–2030 outlines ambitious infrastructure projects, including 1,108 km of new railways, 218 km of regional roads, urban flyovers, and new ports like Bagamoyo, to enhance connectivity and economic activity. Urban areas benefit from congestion-reducing projects like BRT and metro systems, while rural areas gain from paved roads and bridges, ensuring market access for farmers and businesses. These initiatives align with NDV 2050’s vision of a connected, prosperous, and equitable Tanzania, though clear funding and maintenance plans are needed to ensure success. By addressing both urban mobility and rural accessibility, the manifesto fosters inclusive economic growth across Tanzania.

Key figures related to infrastructure development from the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election, covering the period 2025–2030. These figures highlight specific infrastructure projects and their scope, aimed at enhancing connectivity and economic activity in both urban and rural areas of Tanzania, as outlined in the manifesto. The table focuses on quantifiable data from the document to provide a clear overview of the manifesto’s infrastructure commitments.

Notes:

1. Scope: The table focuses on quantifiable infrastructure metrics from the manifesto, including road lengths, railway lengths, number of aircraft, and port developments. Non-quantified commitments, such as rural road upgrades or urban metro systems, are excluded due to lack of specific figures.
2. Urban and Rural Coverage: Projects like the Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway (1,108 km) and regional roads (e.g., 218 km Igawa–Tunduma) enhance rural connectivity, while urban-focused initiatives like Dar es Salaam flyovers and BRT expansion address city needs.
3. Zanzibar-Specific Projects: The table includes Zanzibar-specific figures (e.g., 48 km Tunguu–Makunduchi road, Mangapwani port) to highlight the manifesto’s focus on regional development.
4. Alignment with Economic Goals: These projects support economic activity by improving trade routes (e.g., Bagamoyo port), market access (e.g., rural roads), and tourism (e.g., Zanzibar’s Nungwi Tourism Road), aligning with the National Development Vision 2050’s connectivity and prosperity objectives.

The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election outlines a robust plan to boost investment projects and per capita income, driving economic empowerment and GDP growth in Tanzania and Zanzibar by 2030. Targeting 350,000 new jobs in Zanzibar and supported by infrastructure projects like the 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway and Bagamoyo port, the manifesto aims to attract private sector investment to enhance trade and tourism. Initiatives such as training 2,500 cooperatives and providing two cows per youth annually in Zanzibar (Page 58) aim to increase per capita income, building on past achievements like 304 investment projects worth USD 3.74 billion from 2015–2020. With projected GDP growth of 6% for Tanzania and 6.8% for Zanzibar in 2025, these strategies align with the National Development Vision 2050’s goal of a prosperous, inclusive economy.

1. Increasing Investment Projects

The CCM Manifesto emphasizes attracting private sector investment and implementing strategic projects to drive economic growth and job creation. Key strategies include:

• Private Sector Investment in Key Sectors: The manifesto prioritizes investments in the blue economy, industry, agriculture, and services to enhance economic output. In Zanzibar, it specifically targets increasing the value of trade and industrial contributions to GDP. For example, the manifesto highlights the development of the Mangapwani port to boost maritime trade and tourism, which is expected to attract significant private investment.
• Infrastructure as an Investment Catalyst: Major infrastructure projects, such as the 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway and the new Bagamoyo port, are designed to create an enabling environment for investors by improving connectivity and reducing logistics costs. These projects align with the Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) and Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency (ZIPA) frameworks, which facilitate foreign direct investment (FDI) through streamlined permits and incentives.
• Zanzibar-Specific Investment Initiatives: The manifesto commits to promoting investment in Zanzibar’s blue economy, targeting a contribution of 300,000 units (likely jobs or economic output, though units are unclear) by 2030. It also plans to enhance tourism through projects like the Nungwi Tourism Road (12 km) and new airports in Nungwi and Paje, attracting investors in hospitality and related sectors.
• Past Achievements as a Foundation: The manifesto builds on previous successes, noting that between 2015 and 2020, Zanzibar attracted 304 investment projects worth USD 3.74 billion, creating 16,866 jobs. This track record suggests a continued focus on scaling up investment through similar promotion strategies.

2. Increasing Per Capita Income

The manifesto aims to raise per capita income to improve living standards and ensure inclusive economic growth, particularly for marginalized groups like youth and women. Key approaches include:

• Affordable Loans and Economic Empowerment: The manifesto pledges to provide affordable loans to youth, such as two cows per youth per region annually in Zanzibar, to foster income-generating activities. This initiative targets small-scale entrepreneurs and farmers, increasing household incomes.
• Cooperative Training: Training for 2,500 cooperative societies in Zanzibar is planned to enhance productivity and market access, directly contributing to income growth for cooperative members.
• Zanzibar Per Capita Income Target: The manifesto explicitly aims to increase per capita income in Zanzibar in US dollars by 2030, though it does not provide a specific figure. For context, Zanzibar’s per capita income rose from TZS 942,000 in 2010 to TZS 2,323,000 in 2018, and the manifesto seeks to build on this trend.
• Mainland Tanzania Context: While the manifesto does not specify a per capita income target for mainland Tanzania, external data indicates that Tanzania’s GDP per capita was USD 1,149 in 2024, with a marginal increase of 24.15% from USD 981 million to USD 1,218 million between 2015 and 2021. The manifesto’s focus on job creation and investment is expected to further elevate per capita income by 2030.

3. Job Creation for Economic Empowerment

Job creation is a cornerstone of the manifesto’s economic empowerment strategy, particularly targeting youth and informal sector workers. Key initiatives include:

• Zanzibar Job Creation Target: The manifesto sets a goal of creating at least 350,000 new jobs in Zanzibar by 2030, spanning formal and informal sectors. This includes jobs in tourism, agriculture, and the blue economy, supported by projects like the Mangapwani port and Nungwi Tourism Road.
• Mainland Tanzania Job Creation: While the manifesto does not provide a specific job creation target for mainland Tanzania for 2025–2030, it builds on the 2020–2025 manifesto’s goal of 8 million jobs. A post on X mentions a 2025–2030 target of 8.5 million new jobs for Tanzania, though this is not directly confirmed in the provided document.
• Youth Empowerment Programs: The manifesto emphasizes skill-building programs and private sector partnerships to enhance employability, particularly for graduates (Page 62). For example, livestock loans and cooperative training in Zanzibar aim to empower youth economically.
• Industrial and Tourism Growth: The manifesto plans to increase industrial employment opportunities, building on the 2020–2025 target of growing industrial jobs from 306,180 to 500,000 by 2025. Tourism initiatives, such as increasing tourist arrivals to 5 million by 2025 (generating USD 6 billion in revenue), are expected to create jobs in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania.

4. GDP Growth Targets for Tanzania and Zanzibar by 2030

The manifesto outlines ambitions for GDP growth, though specific numerical targets for 2030 are less detailed compared to earlier manifestos. Available figures and projections include:

• Zanzibar GDP Growth: The manifesto emphasizes increasing GDP contributions from industries and the blue economy in Zanzibar by 2030. While it does not specify a percentage target, external sources project Zanzibar’s GDP growth at 6.8% in 2025 and over 6% annually through 2025. The manifesto’s focus on tourism, agriculture, and port development (e.g., Mangapwani) suggests sustained growth toward 2030.
• Mainland Tanzania GDP Growth: The manifesto does not provide a specific 2030 GDP growth target for mainland Tanzania. However, external projections indicate robust growth: 5.6% in 2024, 6% in 2025, and up to 6.4% by 2026. The NDV 2050 targets an annual GDP growth rate of over 8% to achieve a national GDP of USD 1 trillion by 2050 (), and the manifesto’s infrastructure and investment strategies align with this trajectory.
• Historical Context: Tanzania’s GDP grew by 5.3% in 2023, driven by agriculture, construction, and manufacturing, with Zanzibar achieving 7% growth in 2024. The manifesto builds on these trends by prioritizing similar sectors for 2025–2030.

5. Alignment with National Development Vision 2050

The NDV 2050 aims for a national GDP of USD 1 trillion and a per capita GDP of USD 12,000 by 2050, with an annual growth rate exceeding 8%. The manifesto’s strategies align as follows:

• Investment and Growth: Infrastructure projects (e.g., 1,108-km railway, Bagamoyo port) and investment promotion in the blue economy and tourism support NDV 2050’s goal of a competitive economy.
• Inclusivity: Job creation (350,000 jobs in Zanzibar) and empowerment initiatives like loans and cooperative training (Pages 56, 58) align with NDV 2050’s focus on equitable growth.
• Sustainability: Investments in sustainable sectors like the blue economy and food reserves support NDV 2050’s environmental goals.

6. Challenges and Considerations

• Clarity of Targets: The manifesto lacks specific numerical targets for per capita income and GDP growth for 2030, particularly for mainland Tanzania, relying instead on qualitative goals (e.g., “increase per capita income”). This ambiguity may complicate monitoring.
• Funding Risks: Large-scale projects like the Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway require significant funding, and the manifesto does not detail financing mechanisms, posing risks to implementation.
• External Risks: External sources highlight risks like foreign exchange shortages and public debt (41.1% of GDP in 2024) that could affect investment and growth.

Conclusion

The CCM Manifesto for 2025–2030 plans to increase investment projects through infrastructure development (e.g., 1,108-km Tanga–Arusha–Musoma railway, Bagamoyo port) and private sector engagement in sectors like the blue economy and tourism. It aims to raise per capita income through affordable loans (e.g., two cows per youth in Zanzibar) and training for 2,500 cooperatives. Job creation targets include 350,000 jobs in Zanzibar by 2030, with a potential national goal of 8.5 million jobs. While specific GDP growth targets for 2030 are not quantified, external projections suggest 6% for mainland Tanzania and 6.8% for Zanzibar in 2025, aligning with NDV 2050’s 8% annual growth goal. These strategies foster inclusive and sustainable growth, though clearer targets and funding plans would enhance implementation.

Table summarizing key figures related to investment projects, per capita income, and GDP growth from the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) Manifesto for the 2025 General Election, focusing on the period 2025–2030. These figures highlight specific initiatives and targets for job creation, economic empowerment, and GDP growth in Tanzania and Zanzibar, as outlined in the manifesto, with some contextual data from external sources to address the question’s focus on measurable targets.

Notes:

1. Scope: The table focuses on quantifiable metrics related to investment projects, per capita income, and GDP growth from the manifesto. External sources provide context for GDP growth projections (6% for Tanzania, 6.8% for Zanzibar in 2025) and historical investment data (304 projects worth USD 3.74 billion in Zanzibar, 2015–2020).
2. Zanzibar Focus: The manifesto provides specific figures for Zanzibar, such as 350,000 jobs and 2,500 cooperatives, but lacks detailed national targets for per capita income and GDP growth.
3. Ambiguity in Targets: The “300,000” figure for the blue economy lacks clear units (jobs or output), and per capita income targets are qualitative. The national job creation target of 8.5 million is mentioned in an X post but not confirmed in the manifesto.
4. Alignment with NDV 2050: These figures support the National Development Vision 2050’s goals of prosperity (e.g., infrastructure investments), inclusivity (e.g., cooperative training, youth loans), and high GDP growth (targeting over 8% annually).

Tanzania’s debt-to-GDP ratio rose significantly from 32.68% in 2013 to 47.30% in 2024, reflecting a 184% increase in national debt outpacing 92% GDP growth over the period. This 14.62 percentage point increase, peaking at 53.4% mid-2023, was driven by aggressive infrastructure borrowing (e.g., TZS 14.81 trillion for SGR in 2024/25), a shift to high-cost commercial loans (30.5% of 2022/23 disbursements), low tax revenue (13% of GDP), and TZS depreciation (2.6% in 2024), highlighting the fiscal challenges of balancing development ambitions with economic sustainability.

Explanation of Figures:

• 2013: Debt-to-GDP ratio of 32.68%, sourced from Statista and IMF.
• 2024: Ratio of 47.30% per Statista and estimated GDP.
• Debt Growth: 184% increase (USD 14.93 billion to USD 42.36 billion), driven by external debt (USD 34.1 billion, 71.3% of total in 2024).
• GDP Growth: 92% increase (USD 44 billion to USD 84.40 billion), averaging 5.5% annually (World Bank, IMF).
• Infrastructure: TZS 14.81 trillion (USD 5.43 billion) for projects in 2024/25, per BoT.
• Commercial Loans: 30.5% of new disbursements in 2022/23 at 6–7% rates (TICGL).
• Tax Revenue: 13% of GDP (TZS 29.41 trillion in 2024/25), per World Bank.
• TZS Depreciation: 2.6% in 2024, increasing external debt’s TZS value by ~TZS 2.37 trillion.

Debt-to-GDP Ratio Trend

The debt-to-GDP ratio, Below are the key figures for national debt and GDP from 2013 to 2024, sourced from Statista, IMF, World Bank, and TICGL, with estimates for intermediate years based on trends.

Notes:

• Debt: Statista provides 2013 (USD 14.93 billion), 2022 (USD 33.27 billion), 2023 (USD 37.09 billion), and 2024 (USD 42.36 billion). Intermediate years (2014–2021) are estimated from IMF data, showing a ~184% increase from 2013 to 2024.
• GDP: IMF (2013: USD 44 billion), World Bank (2019–2022), and estimates for 2014–2018 and 2023–2024 assume 4–6% annual growth (92% total increase).
• Ratio: From Statista, rising from 32.68% (2013) to 47.30% (2024). TICGL notes a peak of 53.4% mid-2023 (USD 42.68 billion/USD 79.16 billion), but 47.30% aligns with year-end 2024 estimates.

Key Figures

• Debt Growth: National debt increased by 184% (USD 14.93 billion to USD 42.36 billion) from 2013 to 2024, growing at ~6% annually (TICGL).
• GDP Growth: GDP grew by 92% (USD 44 billion to USD 84.40 billion), averaging 5.5% annually (IMF, World Bank).
• Ratio Increase: The debt-to-GDP ratio rose by 14.62 percentage points (32.68% to 47.30%), as debt growth (6%) outpaced GDP growth (5.5%).

Reasons for the Increase in Debt-to-GDP Ratio

The increase in Tanzania’s debt-to-GDP ratio from 32.68% in 2013 to 47.30% in 2024 is primarily due to debt growing faster than GDP, driven by a combination of economic and policy factors. Below, we outline the key reasons with supporting figures.

A. Rapid Debt Accumulation

• Infrastructure Investments: Tanzania prioritized large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) and Dar es Salaam Port expansion, funded by external borrowing (USD 34.1 billion in 2024, 71.3% of total debt). These projects consumed TZS 14.81 trillion (30% of the 2024/25 budget). Example: The World Bank’s USD 10 billion portfolio allocated 48% to infrastructure, boosting debt stock (e.g., USD 14.93 billion in 2013 to USD 42.36 billion in 2024).
• External Debt Growth: External debt surged 13.8x from USD 2.47 billion (2011) to USD 34.06 billion (March 2025), per X posts, driven by multilateral (47.2%) and commercial creditors (30.5% of new disbursements in 2022/23).
• Domestic Debt: Domestic debt grew to TZS 34.26 trillion (USD 12.57 billion) by March 2025, with 29% held by commercial banks at high rates (15.5% average). This added to the debt stock, increasing from USD 6.3 billion (11% of GDP) in 2019 to 17.2% of GDP in 2022/23.

B. Slower GDP Growth Relative to Debt

• GDP Growth Rate: GDP grew at 5.5% annually (2012–2021), reaching USD 84.40 billion in 2024, but slowed from a peak of 7.9% (2011) to 4.6–5.6% (2022–2024). This was insufficient to offset the 6% annual debt growth.
• Informal Economy: The informal sector contributes ~46.7% of GDP (USD 82 billion at PPP, World Economics) but minimally to tax revenue (13% of GDP in 2024), limiting fiscal capacity to absorb debt.
• Impact: Debt grew from USD 14.93 billion (2013) to USD 42.36 billion (2024), while GDP grew from USD 44 billion to USD 84.40 billion, causing the ratio to rise as debt outpaced economic output.

C. TZS Depreciation

• Exchange Rate Impact: The TZS depreciated by 29% from 2014 to 2024, with a 2.6% depreciation in 2024/25 and 8% in 2023. This increased the cost of USD-denominated external debt (67.7% of external debt, USD 23.1 billion in 2024).
• Impact: A 2.6% depreciation in 2024 raised external debt’s TZS value by ~TZS 2.37 trillion (USD 34.1 billion × 2.6%), inflating the debt-to-GDP ratio when GDP is measured in USD.

Economic and Policy Factors Contributing to the Trend

The following economic and policy factors drove the increase in the debt-to-GDP ratio, supported by figures and sources:

1. Policy-Driven Infrastructure Spending:
   • Policy: The Tanzania government’s Mini-Tiger Plan and Five-Year Development Plans (FYDP III) prioritized infrastructure to boost trade and industrialization (e.g., SGR, TZS 14.81 trillion in projects).
   • Impact: External borrowing for transport and telecommunications (27% of debt allocation) and energy/mining (15%) increased debt stock (e.g., USD 28.6 billion in 2019 to USD 42.36 billion in 2024).
   • Figure: Infrastructure projects accounted for 30% of the 2024/25 budget (TZS 14.81 trillion), funded largely by external debt (USD 34.1 billion).
2. Shift to Commercial Borrowing:
   • Policy: Increased reliance on commercial creditors (30.5% of new external disbursements in 2022/23) versus concessional loans (47.2% from multilateral institutions). Commercial loans carry higher rates (6–7% vs. 1–2% for concessional).
   • Impact: Higher interest costs (e.g., T-bills rose from 5.8% to 11.7% by March 2024) increased debt servicing (TZS 9.09 trillion in 2022/23, 28.9% of recurrent budget), contributing to debt stock growth.
   • Figure: External debt rose from USD 16.4 billion (2016) to USD 34.1 billion (2024), with commercial borrowing driving ~30% of new debt.
3. Low Revenue Mobilization:
   • Economic Factor: Tax revenue remains low at 13% of GDP (2024, World Bank), compared to Sub-Saharan peers, due to a large informal sector (46.7% of GDP). This limits fiscal space, necessitating borrowing.
   • Policy: Efforts to raise tax revenue (e.g., TZS 29.41 trillion in 2024/25, 10% increase) are underway but insufficient to cover fiscal deficits (2.5% of GDP in 2023/24).
   • Impact: Borrowing financed deficits (e.g., TZS 16.07 trillion, 28.2% of 2025/26 budget), increasing debt-to-GDP from 38.3% (2022) to 47.30% (2024).
4. Economic Shocks and Recovery Needs:
   • Economic Factor: The COVID-19 pandemic (2020) reduced tourism’s GDP contribution (10.6% in 2019 to 5.3% in 2020), prompting borrowing (e.g., USD 14.3 million IMF relief) to address balance of payments needs.
   • Impact: Debt rose from USD 31.50 billion (2020) to USD 33.27 billion (2022), pushing the ratio from 41.00% to 44.85%. Recovery efforts sustained borrowing.
5. Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate:
   • Policy: The Bank of Tanzania maintained a 6% Central Bank Rate (2024/25), stabilizing inflation (3.1%) but not countering TZS depreciation (2.6% in 2024).
   • Impact: Depreciation increased the TZS value of external debt (e.g., USD 34.1 billion became TZS 91.29 trillion), raising the debt-to-GDP ratio.

Explanation with Figures

• Debt Growth Outpacing GDP: Debt grew by 184% (USD 14.93 billion to USD 42.36 billion) at 6% annually, while GDP grew by 92% (USD 44 billion to USD 84.40 billion) at 5.5%. This differential drove the ratio from 32.68% to 47.30%.
• 2022–2023 Spike: The ratio jumped from 38.3% (2022, USD 33.27 billion ÷ USD 75.94 billion) to 53.4% mid-2023 (USD 42.68 billion ÷ USD 79.16 billion, TICGL), reflecting rapid debt accumulation (USD 4.41 billion increase) and slower GDP growth. Year-end 2023 adjusted to 46.87% with GDP growth to USD 80 billion.
• Infrastructure Impact: TZS 14.81 trillion (USD 5.43 billion) in 2024/25 infrastructure spending fueled debt growth, with external debt (USD 34.1 billion) funding 48% of World Bank projects.
• Depreciation Effect: A 2.6% TZS depreciation in 2024 increased external debt’s TZS value by ~TZS 2.37 trillion, contributing ~0.5% to the ratio increase (e.g., 46.8% to 47.3%).
• Fiscal Constraints: Low tax revenue (TZS 29.41 trillion, 13% of GDP) and a 2.5% fiscal deficit forced borrowing (TZS 16.07 trillion in 2025/26), sustaining the ratio’s rise.

Summary

Tanzania’s debt-to-GDP ratio increased from 32.68% in 2013 (USD 14.93 billion ÷ USD 44 billion) to 47.30% in 2024 (USD 42.36 billion ÷ USD 84.40 billion) due to debt growing faster (184%, 6% annually) than GDP (92%, 5.5% annually). Key drivers include:

• Infrastructure Investments: TZS 14.81 trillion (USD 5.43 billion) in projects like SGR, funded by external debt (USD 34.1 billion, 71.3% of total).
• Commercial Borrowing: Increased reliance on commercial loans (30.5% of 2022/23 disbursements, 6–7% rates) raised debt costs.
• Low Revenue Mobilization: Tax revenue at 13% of GDP (TZS 29.41 trillion in 2024/25) forced borrowing to cover deficits (2.5% of GDP).
• TZS Depreciation: 2.6% depreciation in 2024 increased external debt’s TZS value (USD 34.1 billion to TZS 91.29 trillion), inflating the ratio.
• Economic Shocks: COVID-19 reduced tourism (5.3% of GDP in 2020), prompting borrowing (e.g., USD 14.3 million IMF relief).

Tanzania’s debt servicing costs relative to GDP have evolved significantly from 2013 to 2024, reflecting the country’s growing debt burden and economic dynamics. Over this period, debt servicing costs rose from an estimated USD 1.36 billion (TZS 3.71 trillion, 3.09% of GDP) in 2013 to USD 2.52 billion (TZS 6.87 trillion, 2.99% of GDP) in 2024, with a peak of USD 3.33 billion (TZS 9.09 trillion, 4.39% of GDP) in 2022. This evolution, driven by a 184% increase in national debt (USD 14.93 billion to USD 42.36 billion), TZS depreciation (8% in 2023/24), and shifts toward higher-cost commercial loans, underscores the fiscal challenges Tanzania faces in balancing debt repayment with economic growth.

Explanation of Figures:

• 2013: Debt servicing cost of USD 1.36 billion (TZS 3.71 trillion) was 3.09% of GDP (USD 44 billion), estimated using 2.5–3.5% of GNI (mid-point).
• 2022: Actual cost of USD 3.33 billion (TZS 9.09 trillion, The Citizen) was 4.39% of GDP (USD 75.94 billion), reflecting a spike due to principal repayments and TZS depreciation.
• 2024: Estimated cost of USD 2.52 billion (TZS 6.87 trillion) was 2.99% of GDP (USD 84.40 billion), showing stabilization with GDP growth.
• Debt Growth: National debt increased from USD 14.93 billion (2013) to USD 42.36 billion (2024), per Statista.
• TZS Depreciation: 8% in 2023/24 (BoT), increasing external debt servicing costs.
• Exchange Rate: 1 TZS = 0.000366972502112619 USD (Statista, October 2024).

Debt Servicing Costs

From the previous analysis, A compiled debt servicing costs for 2013–2021 and 2023–2024, with 2022 as a confirmed data point (TZS 9.09 trillion, USD 3.33 billion). Other years rely on estimates using a debt service-to-GNI ratio of 2.5–3.5% (based on TICGL’s 2.89% for 2023 and IMF’s 5–7% of GDP range). Below are the figures:

Notes:

• 2022 is actual (The Citizen). Others are estimated using 2.5–3.5% of GNI, adjusted to align with 2023’s 2.89% GNI ratio.
• TZS converted using 1 USD = 2,725.3 TZS.

Debt Servicing Cost as % of GDP

Evolution of Debt Service-to-GDP Ratio

• 2013–2021: The ratio remained stable at ~3.0–3.1%, fluctuating slightly due to steady GDP growth (4–6%) and moderate debt service growth (from USD 1.36 billion to USD 2.08 billion). The consistency reflects Tanzania’s reliance on concessional loans with low interest rates (1–2%).
• 2022 Spike: The ratio jumped to 4.39% (USD 3.33 billion ÷ USD 75.94 billion), driven by a significant increase in debt servicing costs (TZS 9.09 trillion). This spike likely reflects principal repayments on maturing loans or higher commercial loan costs (6–7% rates).
• 2023–2024 Decline: The ratio fell to 2.89% (2023) and ~2.99% (2024), aligning with TICGL’s 2.89% GNI ratio and suggesting a return to lower servicing costs, possibly due to debt restructuring or slower principal repayments.

Trend Summary

• Overall Trend: The debt service-to-GDP ratio increased slightly from 3.09% (2013) to 2.99% (2024), with a notable peak at 4.39% in 2022.
• Annual Average: ~3.15% over the period, within IMF’s 5–7% of GDP range for sustainable debt service.

Drivers of Changes in the Ratio

1. Debt Stock Growth:
   • Total national debt grew 184% from USD 14.93 billion (2013) to USD 42.36 billion (2024), per Statista. This increased servicing obligations, especially for external debt (71.3% of total in 2023/24).
   • Impact: Higher debt stock raised absolute servicing costs (e.g., USD 1.36 billion in 2013 to USD 2.52 billion in 2024), but the ratio remained stable due to proportional GDP growth.
2. GDP Growth:
   • GDP grew from USD 44 billion (2013) to USD 84.40 billion (2024), a 92% increase (4–6% annually). Strong GDP growth offset rising debt service costs, keeping the ratio stable except in 2022.
   • Impact: GDP growth of 5–6% annually (IMF) outpaced debt service growth (~4–5% annually, except 2022), stabilizing the ratio around 3%.
3. TZS Depreciation:
   • The TZS depreciated by 8% in 2023/24 and 0.5% in 2023 (per BoT and Statista). This increased the cost of servicing USD-denominated external debt (71.3% of total).
   • Impact: Depreciation likely contributed to the 2022 spike (USD 3.33 billion), as TZS costs for external debt payments rose, pushing the ratio to 4.39%.
4. Debt Composition:
   • External debt (71.3%) includes concessional loans (1–2% rates) and commercial loans (6–7%). Domestic debt (28.7%) carries higher rates (15–19%, per BoT).
   • Impact: The 2022 spike may reflect increased commercial borrowing or principal repayments on post-2015 infrastructure loans (e.g., SGR). The decline in 2023–2024 suggests a shift back to concessional financing.
5. Principal Repayments:
   • The 2022 spike (TZS 9.09 trillion) likely includes significant principal repayments on maturing loans from the mid-2010s infrastructure boom.
   • Impact: Principal repayments temporarily inflated the ratio in 2022, unlike the stable interest-driven costs in other years.
6. Interest Rate Changes:
   • Domestic T-bill rates rose from 5.8% to 11.7% by March 2024 (per X posts). Commercial external loans (6–7%) also increased costs compared to concessional loans.
   • Impact: Higher rates on domestic and commercial debt likely contributed to the 2022 peak and sustained higher costs in 2024.

Explanation with Figures

• Stable Period (2013–2021): The ratio hovered around 3.0–3.1% (e.g., USD 1.36 billion ÷ USD 44 billion = 3.09% in 2013; USD 2.08 billion ÷ USD 69.24 billion = 3.00% in 2021). This stability reflects balanced growth in debt service (USD 1.36 billion to USD 2.08 billion, ~52% increase) and GDP (USD 44 billion to USD 69.24 billion, ~57% increase).
• 2022 Peak: The ratio spiked to 4.39% (USD 3.33 billion ÷ USD 75.94 billion), driven by a 60% jump in servicing costs from 2021’s estimated USD 2.08 billion. TZS 9.09 trillion consumed ~30% of recurrent expenditure (TZS 30.31 trillion, BoT), likely due to principal repayments and TZS depreciation (0.5–8%).
• 2023–2024 Decline: The ratio dropped to 2.89% (USD 2.31 billion ÷ USD 80 billion) in 2023 and ~2.99% (USD 2.52 billion ÷ USD 84.40 billion) in 2024, reflecting lower servicing costs (possibly due to fewer principal repayments) and continued GDP growth (5.5%).
• Key Driver Example: In 2022, external debt (~USD 23.7 billion, 71.3% of USD 33.27 billion) at ~3% average rate cost ~USD 0.71 billion, while domestic debt (~USD 9.5 billion) at ~17% cost ~USD 1.62 billion. TZS depreciation and principal repayments likely added ~USD 1 billion, explaining the spike.

Summary

The proportion of debt servicing costs to GDP in Tanzania evolved from 3.09% in 2013 to 2.99% in 2024, with a peak of 4.39% in 2022. The ratio remained stable at ~3.0–3.1% from 2013–2021 due to balanced GDP and debt service growth, spiked in 2022 due to principal repayments and TZS depreciation, and declined to ~2.9–3.0% in 2023–2024 with GDP growth and fewer repayments. Key drivers include:

• Debt Stock Growth: 184% increase (USD 14.93 billion to USD 42.36 billion).
• TZS Depreciation: 8% in 2023/24, inflating external debt costs.
• Debt Composition: Shift to commercial loans and high domestic rates (15–19%) in 2022.
• GDP Growth: 92% increase (USD 44 billion to USD 84.4 billion), stabilizing the ratio.

Tanzania’s debt servicing costs have grown significantly from 2013 to 2024, reflecting the country’s rising debt stock and economic pressures. Debt servicing costs increased from an estimated USD 1.36 billion (TZS 3.71 trillion, 3.09% of GDP) in 2013 to USD 2.52 billion (TZS 6.87 trillion, 2.99% of GDP) in 2024, with a peak of USD 3.33 billion (TZS 9.09 trillion, 4.39% of GDP) in 2022. This rise, driven by a 184% increase in national debt (USD 14.93 billion to USD 42.36 billion) and an 8% TZS depreciation in 2023/24, has strained fiscal resources, with debt servicing consuming ~30% of recurrent expenditure (TZS 30.31 trillion) in 2022/23. Reliable data can be sourced from the Bank of Tanzania, IMF Debt Sustainability Analyses, and local reports like The Citizen.

Explanation of Figures:

• 2013: Debt servicing cost of USD 1.36 billion (TZS 3.71 trillion), estimated at 2.5–3.5% of GNI (mid-point), with GDP at USD 44 billion (IMF) and a debt-to-GDP ratio of 32.68% (Statista).
• 2022: Actual cost of USD 3.33 billion (TZS 9.09 trillion, The Citizen), 4.39% of GDP (USD 75.94 billion), consuming ~30% of recurrent expenditure (TZS 30.31 trillion).
• 2024: Estimated cost of USD 2.52 billion (TZS 6.87 trillion), 2.99% of GDP (USD 84.40 billion), based on 2.5–3.5% of GNI and a debt-to-GDP ratio of 47.30%.
• Debt Growth: National debt rose 184% from USD 14.93 billion (2013) to USD 42.36 billion (2024), per Statista.
• TZS Depreciation: 8% in 2023/24 (TICGL), increasing external debt servicing costs (71.3% of total debt, USD 34.1 billion).
• Fiscal Impact: Debt servicing in 2022/23 (TZS 9.09 trillion) was ~30% of recurrent expenditure, per BoT and TICGL.
• Sources: Bank of Tanzania (BoT) for fiscal data, IMF DSAs for sustainability analysis, and The Citizen for 2022 figures.

Data on Debt Servicing Costs

Exact annual debt servicing costs for Tanzania are sparsely reported in public sources, with only a few specific figures available for the requested period. Below, I summarize the known data points and estimate others based on IMF and Bank of Tanzania (BoT) reports, which provide debt-to-GDP ratios, debt service ratios, and fiscal expenditure breakdowns.

Known Data Points

• 2022/23: Debt servicing cost was TZS 9.09 trillion (USD 3.33 billion), as reported by The Citizen.
• 2023: Total debt service was 2.89% of Gross National Income (GNI), per TICGL.
• March 2025 Estimate: Domestic debt servicing for TZS 34.26 trillion (at 15.5% lending rates) estimated at TZS 5.31 trillion, and external debt servicing for USD 34.1 billion (at concessional rates) estimated at USD 1–2 billion annually.

Estimation Methodology

1. Debt Service Ratio: TICGL reports debt service at 2.89% of GNI in 2023. I’ll assume a range of 2.5–3.5% of GNI for other years, based on IMF DSAs indicating debt service typically ranges 5–7% of GDP for Tanzania.
2. GNI Data: World Bank provides GNI (current USD) for select years (e.g., USD 69 billion in 2021, USD 75.94 billion in 2022). I’ll interpolate GNI for other years using GDP growth rates (4–6% annually, per IMF and World Bank) and assume GNI tracks GDP closely.
3. External vs. Domestic Debt: External debt is 71.3% of total debt in 2023/24, with domestic debt at 28.7%. I’ll apply this ratio to estimate cost breakdowns, assuming external debt (concessional at 1–2%, commercial at 6–7%) and domestic debt (at 15–19% lending rates, per BoT and mortgage market data).
4. Exchange Rate: Convert TZS to USD using 1 TZS = 0.000366972502112619 USD for consistency.

GNI Estimates

Using World Bank GNI data and GDP growth trends (4–6% annually), I estimate GNI as follows:

• 2013: ~USD 45 billion (based on GDP of ~USD 44 billion, per IMF)
• 2014–2020: Interpolated using 5% average growth
• 2021: USD 69 billion
• 2022: USD 75.94 billion
• 2023: ~USD 80 billion (5% growth from 2022)
• 2024: ~USD 84 billion (5% growth from 2023)

Debt Service Estimation

• Formula: Debt service (USD) = GNI (USD) × Debt service-to-GNI ratio (2.5–3.5%)
• Assumptions:
  • External debt service: 1–2% for concessional loans, 6–7% for commercial loans (weighted average ~3% for 71.3% of debt).
  • Domestic debt service: 15–19% lending rates (average ~17% for 28.7% of debt).
  • Total debt service ratio aligns with 2.89% of GNI in 2023, adjusted slightly for other years based on debt stock growth.

Estimated Debt Servicing Costs (2013–2021, 2023–2024)

Below is the estimated annual debt servicing costs, combining known data, estimates, and conversions. Figures are rounded for clarity.

Notes:

• 2022: Actual figure of TZS 9.09 trillion (USD 3.33 billion) is higher than the estimated 2.89% of GNI (USD 2.19 billion), suggesting either underreported GNI or higher-than-average debt service (possibly due to principal repayments or commercial loan costs). I’ve used the actual figure for accuracy.
• 2023–2024: Estimates align with 2023’s 2.89% GNI ratio. The 2024 range accounts for potential increases in interest rates (e.g., T-bills rose from 5.8% to 11.7% by March 2024).
• TZS Conversion: USD values converted to TZS using 1 USD = 2,725.3 TZS (inverse of 1 TZS = 0.000366972502112619 USD).

Trends and Insights

• Debt Service Growth: Debt servicing costs rose from an estimated USD 1.13–1.58 billion in 2013 (TZS 3.08–4.31 trillion) to USD 2.10–2.94 billion in 2024 (TZS 5.72–8.01 trillion), reflecting a 86–86% increase over 11 years. This aligns with debt stock growth (USD 14.93 billion to USD 42.36 billion, 184% increase).
• External Debt Burden: External debt (71.3% of total) contributes ~30% of servicing costs (e.g., USD 0.91 billion in 2024) due to concessional rates, but TZS depreciation (8% in 2023/24) increases USD-denominated costs.
• Domestic Debt Costs: Domestic debt (28.7%) drives higher costs (e.g., USD 2.07 billion in 2024) due to high lending rates (15–19%), crowding out private investment.
• Fiscal Impact: In 2022/23, debt servicing (TZS 9.09 trillion) consumed ~30% of recurrent expenditure (TZS 30.31 trillion), limiting funds for development projects.
• Sustainability: The IMF’s moderate risk rating (public debt-to-GDP at 35% vs. 55% benchmark) suggests Tanzania can manage current costs, but rising domestic interest rates (T-bills at 11.7% in 2024) and TZS depreciation pose risks.

Summary

The exact annual debt servicing costs for Tanzania from 2013 to 2021 and 2023 to 2024 are partially available, with estimates filling gaps:

• 2013: USD 1.13–1.58 billion (TZS 3.08–4.31 trillion)
• 2014: USD 1.18–1.65 billion (TZS 3.22–4.50 trillion)
• 2015: USD 1.24–1.74 billion (TZS 3.38–4.74 trillion)
• 2016: USD 1.30–1.82 billion (TZS 3.54–4.96 trillion)
• 2017: USD 1.37–1.91 billion (TZS 3.73–5.21 trillion)
• 2018: USD 1.44–2.01 billion (TZS 3.92–5.48 trillion)
• 2019: USD 1.51–2.11 billion (TZS 4.11–5.75 trillion)
• 2020: USD 1.58–2.22 billion (TZS 4.30–6.05 trillion)
• 2021: USD 1.73–2.42 billion (TZS 4.71–6.59 trillion)
• 2022: USD 3.33 billion (TZS 9.09 trillion, actual)
• 2023: USD 2.31 billion (TZS 6.29 trillion)
• 2024: USD 2.10–2.94 billion (TZS 5.72–8.01 trillion)

Table: Key Figures for Tanzania’s National Debt and Servicing Costs (2013–2021, 2023–2024)

The table will include total national debt, debt-to-GDP ratio, estimated debt servicing costs (in USD and TZS), and external debt as a percentage of GNI (where available). I’ll use the exchange rate of 1 TZS = 0.000366972502112619 USD (October 22, 2024, per Statista) for conversions and clearly note where data is estimated due to gaps. The table will be concise, focusing on the most relevant metrics to provide a clear overview of the debt servicing landscape.

Explanation of Key Figures

1. Total National Debt (USD Billion):
   • Sourced from Statista (2013, 2022–2024), IMF, and Trading Economics (interpolated for 2014–2021).
   • Shows a 184% increase from USD 14.93 billion in 2013 to USD 42.36 billion in 2024, driven by infrastructure borrowing (e.g., SGR, hydropower).
2. Debt-to-GDP Ratio (%):
   • Sourced from IMF and Statista, rising from 32.68% (2013) to 47.30% (2024), indicating growing debt relative to economic output.
   • Reflects moderate sustainability risk per IMF’s 2023/24 DSAs (present value of debt-to-GDP at ~35% vs. 55% benchmark).
3. Debt Servicing Cost (USD Billion and TZS Trillion):
   • 2022: Actual figure of TZS 9.09 trillion (USD 3.33 billion) from The Citizen, consuming ~30% of recurrent expenditure (TZS 30.31 trillion).
   • Other Years: Estimated using 2.5–3.5% of GNI, based on TICGL’s 2.89% for 2023 and IMF’s 5–7% of GDP range. Converted to TZS using 1 USD = 2,725.3 TZS.
   • Costs rose from USD 1.13–1.58 billion in 2013 to USD 2.10–2.94 billion in 2024, reflecting debt stock growth and higher domestic interest rates (15–19%).
4. External Debt (% of GNI):
   • Available only for 2021 (41.04%) and 2022 (40.53%) from World Bank data.
   • External debt (71.3% of total in 2023/24) drives servicing costs, exacerbated by TZS depreciation (8% in 2023/24).

Tanzania Vision 2050 envisions a middle-income, semi-industrialized economy by 2050, with a population exceeding 114 million, requiring 8-10% GDP growth, poverty below 10%, and robust infrastructure. The performance of TIC, LGAs, TRA, and PPPC suggests they can collectively serve as viable alternatives for development and economic growth, provided they address scalability and coordination challenges. Below, we assess their contributions and potential with figures.

1. Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC)

• Performance: TIC attracted $6.2 billion in FDI in 2023, creating 150,000 jobs and boosting agro-processing/manufacturing exports by 12% annually (2020-2024). It targets $50 billion by 2050 to create 10 million jobs for a ~60-million workforce.
• Development Impact: FDI drives industrialization, contributing ~3% to GDP growth (2024). Scaling to $50 billion could add 4%, aligning with Vision 2050’s 8-10% target and reducing reliance on aid (~5% of budget, 2024).
• Economic Growth: Jobs support 50 million people (5 per job, NBS 2024), cutting poverty from 25% to 15%. However, only 60% of projects are operational within two years, limiting impact.
• Viability: Strong alternative if bureaucratic delays are resolved.

2. Local Government Authorities (LGAs)

• Performance: LGAs generate $0.46 billion in own-source revenue (5% of national revenue, 2024) and manage 8,000 schools and 2,500 health facilities. They target $2.6 billion (10% share) and 15,000 schools/5,000 facilities by 2050.
• Development Impact: Local revenue funds SMEs and agriculture (40% of GDP), adding ~1% to GDP growth. Scaling services supports human capital for 114 million, reducing inequality.
• Economic Growth: Rural productivity lifts 10 million poor (15% of rural population), but staffing shortages (40% positions filled) and corruption hinder progress.
• Viability: Limited alternative unless revenue and governance improve.

3. Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA)

• Performance: TRA collected $9.26 billion (12.5% tax-to-GDP ratio, 2024), funding 60% of the budget, including infrastructure like the Standard Gauge Railway. It targets $37 billion (20% tax-to-GDP) by 2050.
• Development Impact: Revenue funds Vision 2050 projects, adding ~2% to GDP growth. A $100 billion budget by 2050 reduces dependence on external loans (~15% of budget, 2024).
• Economic Growth: Infrastructure and services cut urban poverty (15% to 7%), but the informal sector (40% of GDP) limits revenue.
• Viability: Strong alternative with high scalability via digitalization (80% compliance).

4. Public-Private Partnership Centre (PPPC)

• Performance: PPPC facilitated $3 billion in PPPs (2020-2024), completing 10 projects (e.g., Dar es Salaam Port). It targets $20 billion and 50 projects/year by 2050.
• Development Impact: PPPs support infrastructure for 60% urbanization, adding ~1% to GDP growth. Scaling to $20 billion could add 3%, reducing public funding gaps.
• Economic Growth: Urban housing and rural infrastructure lift 5 million poor, but slow execution is a barrier.
• Viability: Promising alternative if project execution improves.

Collective Potential

• Current Impact: TIC (3%), TRA (2%), LGAs (1%), and PPPC (1%) contribute ~7% to GDP growth, below the 8-10% target. They fund jobs, services, and infrastructure, reducing reliance on aid and raw material exports.
• 2050 Potential: Achieving targets ($50 billion FDI, $37 billion revenue, $20 billion PPPs, $2.6 billion LGA revenue) could drive 9-10% GDP growth, making them viable alternatives. They support industrialization (40% GDP share) and poverty reduction (to 10%).
• Challenges: Bureaucracy (TIC), underfunding (LGAs), informal sector (TRA), and slow execution (PPPC) require reforms.

Table: Performance and Viability for Vision 2050

Viability Score: Reflects capacity to drive sustainable development and growth.

Conclusion

TIC, LGAs, TRA, and PPPC can serve as viable alternatives for development and economic growth under Vision 2050, with TRA (score 9) and TIC (score 8) showing the strongest potential due to revenue and FDI scalability. PPPC (score 7) and LGAs (score 5) are less effective but critical for infrastructure and services. Collectively, they could drive 9-10% GDP growth by 2050, supporting industrialization and poverty reduction for 114 million people, provided they address execution, funding, and governance gaps. The bar chart highlights their trajectory toward Vision 2050 goals.

The table will focus on their current performance (2024/2025), Vision 2050 targets, and contributions to the 8-10% GDP growth goal, aligned with the projected 114-million population by 2050. Figures are drawn from prior analyses, with monetary values in USD (1 USD ≈ TZS 2,700, 2025 rate). The table will highlight their roles in industrialization and poverty reduction, as requested in the context of Vision 2050.

Table: Key Figures for TIC, LGAs, TRA, and PPPC in Support of Vision 2050

Notes:

• Current Value (2024/2025): Based on recent data from TIC reports, MoFP, TRA, PPPC, and World Bank/NBS (2023-2024).
• Vision 2050 Target (2050): Aligned with 8-10% GDP growth, industrialization (40% GDP share), and poverty reduction (<10%) for 114 million people.
• Contribution to GDP Growth: Estimates current and potential impact on 8-10% target, based on scalability.
• Impact on Development: Highlights job creation, poverty reduction, and infrastructure/service delivery for urban (60% by 2050) and rural populations.
• Sources: TIC, TRA, PPPC reports, MoFP, NBS, and World Bank (2023-2024). If the Vision 2050 draft provides specific figures, please share for refinement.

Explanation of Key Figures

• TIC: $50B FDI target creates 10M jobs, contributing 4% to GDP growth and reducing poverty by supporting 50M people. Export growth (20%) drives industrialization.
• LGAs: $2.6B revenue and scaled services (15,000 schools, 5,000 facilities) add 1.5% to GDP growth, supporting human capital and rural SMEs for 114M.
• TRA: $37B revenue (20% tax-to-GDP) funds a $100B budget, adding 4% to GDP growth and enabling infrastructure to cut urban poverty.
• PPPC: $20B in PPPs (50 projects/year) adds 3% to GDP growth, addressing urban housing and rural infrastructure for 60% urbanization.